Business History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business History - Essay Example Smith's solid will combined with his dedicated disposition made him an effective man. His Canadian Office was in reality nicknamed as The Light House on the grounds that the windows are much of the time lit up long after the rest of the road was in haziness. Then again, Cooke's proficiency, kind disposition and capability have intrigued numerous representatives which empowered him to move in the company pecking order of progress. He built up his aptitudes quickly, keeping in touch with his more established sibling at a certain point, 'I am getting the chance to be a decent appointed authority of monetary certificates, can tell fakes at sight, and know all about the wrecked banks in the United States of America...' By the age of twenty-one Cooke was a full accomplice in the banking house... (Frey 58). Smith had advanced toward his fortune with the utilization of his convincing abilities and political associations. He utilized his impact as a HBC official and pay-offs to endeavor a tranquil settlement... (Redford 940). It was likewise said that, Smith benefitted from his situation in the HBC to overview business openings both for the organization and for himself (Redford 941). Smiths various private concern attempts put a worry in his profession at HBC (Hudson's Bay Company). Without a doubt, Smith's undertakings occupied him from his administration of the HBC's issues. He got occasional reprimands From Governor Sir Stafford Henry Northcote who whined that he needed to provide details regarding land deals dependent on data gathered from papers (Redford 942). Smith was additionally said to have disregarded the hide exchange. William Joseph Christie, investigating boss factor of the HBC answered to the London board of trustees on the leeway the executives of the organization's undert akings. Christie surrendered his activity when no move was made on his data. On the other hand, Jay Cooke initially picked up the consideration of the financial business when he promoted $3 million of Pennsylvania's bond issue. The state was in critical waterways, it is obligated by $40 million. Cooke made an advertising system that made the bonds oversubscribe in under a month. He sent operators everywhere throughout the state and drafted brochures, flyers and banners underlining the energetic requirement for the membership of the issue. The returns of the bond issue were to be utilized as a vital funding to win the war. Mr Cooke promoted enthusiasm in selling the bonds. It can likewise be seen that Smith was politically dynamic. It is nevertheless justifiable why it appears along these lines, after all any political/high authoritative position involves power that might be utilized to thrive or destroy a business. Through these associations he had the option to meet new colleagues, take part in another undertaking and addition more cash. Smith started a political vocation speaking to Winnepig-St John in the Manitoba assembly 1870-1874 and Selkirk in the House of Commons 1871-78 (Farr). Though, Cooke served the administration as Ohio's monetary guide and he additionally created sound financial arrangements during the American Civil War. Regardless of Smith's difficult work and accomplishments, a shadowy figure of him hides

Philosophy - knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory - information - Essay Example The essential inquiry is with respect to the obtaining of information: Is information something that one procures, or something that one simply remembers Socrates (Plato, Meno 365-372) sets out the contention that it is the last mentioned. He does that by posing basic inquiries alone, which lead to an individual's disclosure of the arrangement totally without anyone else. The way that Socrates doesn't illuminate the individual about the right response to an inquiry shows that information isn't procured, but instead remembered. We can contend, in any case, that it isn't the information on things that is characteristic in any individual, however the workforce of recognizable proof (for this situation, deductive rationale) which is innate. This term, workforce of recognizable proof is only the insightful framework used to break down information. One uses the sense organs to comprehend the information on taste, and one uses rationale to comprehend the information on a geometric confirmat ion. This is another key point in deciding the impediments of information. Let us take a basic guide to outline. The information on the nearness of a tiger close by, by watching its new impressions, is indispensable to a timberland occupant. Here one can watch the information obtaining process stepwise. Initially, the sense discernments are interpreted dependent on past tangible experience and enrolled as the information on the impressions. ... edge of the tiger being close to the individual exist inside the individual previously If it existed inside the individual himself, it ought not rely interestingly upon his quality there. There must be a route feasible for him to simply reach down inside himself, in a manner of speaking, and draw out the information, while accomplishing something absolutely random. This is absurd with the resources of recognizable proof which we have permitted him to have: sense discernment and rationale of the least complex correlative kind. This case of a physical occasion, when stretched out to the psychological domain, holds similarly as evident. Information relies upon the inquiries posed, unequivocally or verifiably. The second critical actuality is the reliance of information on the workforce of distinguishing proof. In the event that in a similar model, our companion, the backwoods occupant had no limit with regards to inductive rationale, however having sharp detects, or on the off chance that he was visually impaired in any case, the information on the tiger's quality doesn't appear. As it were, information isn't something that has a place intrinsically in the situation, yet additionally on the individual encountering the condition. This is brought out obviously in Socrates' purposeful anecdote of the cavern (Plato, Republic 370-375). In it, the person who has seen the world outside the cavern and afterward takes a gander at the occasions happening inside, acquires information on an unexpected kind in comparison to the individuals who have consistently lived in that cavern. The occasions are the equivalent, however the resources of recognizable proof are entirely unexpected. To place it more or less, information is made by the dynamic utilization of a workforce of recognizable proof upon a uninvolved condition. At the point when we break down the topic of information being genuine conviction with this foundation, we can comprehend its impediments better. The possibility that advocated genuine conviction is answerable for information is

Using an Exploratory Essay Example to Teach History and Your Students Will Be Learning it As Well

Using an Exploratory Essay Example to Teach History and Your Students Will Be Learning it As WellI find that the students in my teaching education institution favor writing an exploratory essay, instead of a research essay. Why? Because it's more interesting to them.My students' needs are different from yours. What they need is not a research piece but it needs a meaningful research piece. They just want a nice engaging and exciting activity. They don't care about having to get academic information and deal with its complexities.For you, I would recommend writing a paper on your topic, but for them, I think that writing is more fun and less boring than reading. It can help to build their self-confidence to be able to write something. Students tend to pay attention to anything and everything that interests them.Here's how you could use the example of an exploratory essay. The result is what the student will have to work with. The example could be something like:'My grandfather once to ld me that one of the stories of the Bible, about Samson's great strength, was just a story.' He also told me that Samson's feats were imaginary, only partly true. It is really a pity that a story of Samson's strength, when it comes to myth and legend, will not bring glory to the great hero. Yet it seems true to all of us because we have some vision of what it means to be human.My grandmother used to tell me that some stories were true and were transmitted from one generation to another through early mothers. Through these stories, our ancestors could understand life and death and face them. Stories are something that helped us live together in the same space.Our exploratory essay example is like a story. We all know there are some stories that are true, while others are false. In a way, these stories are interesting because we relate to them because we understand what they mean. But we are only human, and sometimes it is hard to believe something that doesn't seem to be true.If you want your students to have fun in their exploratory essay example, give them some freedom in order to try to make things believable. I believe that people should have the liberty to embellish their own reality as long as it does not contradict the truths we teach them. In addition, if your exploration is based on a historical fact, you can emphasize this fact by reading out loud from the text.

The Capital Punishment Debate Essay - 1396 Words

Capital Punishment, also known as the death penalty is a legal sentence for a criminal to be put to death. The Punishment is rising to a controversial topic and has led to a lot of heated debates. As of 2014, over 150 countries have abolished the death penalty and 40 others have not used it in recent years, although it is still legal. The death Penalty is mostly used in extreme cases of crime like rape or murder. The convicted criminals are mostly put to death in inhuman ways such as lethal injections or electric chairs. The execution can only take place after a proper legal trial and can only be used by the state. As versatile as humankind is, they invented the term â€Å"death penalty† to contrast with the sanctity of life. The topic should†¦show more content†¦Should the man have the right to live after he has stolen the right from someone else? Even if the man is put away for life, it is still expensive to provide for him. On an average, 26.19 US Dollars are spen t to keep an individual in jail. That adds up to a bit under 10,000 US Dollars per year, per prisoner.If so many resources are being wasted, execution would be a more efficient option. If more people are arrested, it only leads up to us paying more taxes and this would have a negative effect on society. It would not be for the greater good and people would be inclined to put the death penalty into action. Time and money is wasted on people who committed crimes in their healthy minds and were aware of the consequences. It is not right for them to be given a second chance and a utilitarian would consider it immoral,unethical and unresourceful to oppose the death penalty. The contrasting ideology to challenge the thinking of an utilitarianists would be an deontologist. Deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to a rule or rules. This means that a deontologist would always make the most moral choices and base the individuals concern on what the societys actions is rather than what the consequences that would follow. It is the opposite of what utilitarianistsShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Of Capital Punishment1313 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment Introduction The state of California has carried out 13 executions since the enactment of capital punishment in 1992 (NAACP, 2016, 10). According to the NAACP winter quarterly report, there are currently 743 prisoners on death row (NAACP, 2016, 39). Since the enactment, there has been a wide range of political debate. The largest concern is in regards to the number of wrongful convictions and its philosophical underpinnings. The citizens in California are as diverse as theirRead MoreThe Debate On Capital Punishment1673 Words   |  7 Pagessocieties in history at least at one point of time or another. Capital punishment could have been considered a tradition of sorts, considering how often it was and still is made to be an intriguing, perhaps morbidly entertaining, spectacle. When the reality behind the contentious punishment is revealed, so is the true ugliness of this custom. Throughout the world in modern times, including the United States in particular, the controversial debate on whether t o retain or abolish the death penalty is extremelyRead MoreThe Debate Over Capital Punishment936 Words   |  4 Pages The debate over capital punishment is in regards to whether the death penalty contradicts the Eighth Amendment. If the death penalty does contradict the Eight Amendment, then the State should not have the power to sentence criminals to death for capital crimes. However, if capital punishment is not against the Eighth Amendment, then the State has the right to sentence criminals to death. In this essay I will first summarize Justice Brennan’s argument on why the death penalty is beyond the powerRead MoreThe Debate Over Capital Punishment1183 Words   |  5 Pagesmorally just and constitutional. Those thinking it is cruel want capital punishment abolished. The others want to see it revised and maintained. Capital punishment is being sentenced to death and executed for committing various crimes. Usually, it is reserved for convicted murder cases, but had been used for others such as: armed robbery, kidnapping, rape, and treason. Only about sixty countries still use capital punishment – the United States included. Canada, Australia, and most EuropeanRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment Debate1527 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment Debate Is Capital Punishment, otherwise known as the Death Penalty, a disgraceful and unjust way to kill a fellow Human being? Or is it a justifiable way to punish someone in a modern day society? Some nations use the Death Penalty as their most severe punishment. Capital Punishment is one of the most debated issues in current day life. Is it acceptable or not? Many politicians have put their arguments across highlighting both their benefits andRead MoreCapital Punishment Debate Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Debate The death penalty is a tough debate and an overwhelming argument in this country. We as Americans put Timothy McVeigh to death by lethal injection just three months ago. Arguments can be made for and against the death penalty, but this is not the problem. Capital Punishment is supposed to be a deterrent to crime, but is the death penalty really a deterrent? Capital Punishment is not a deterrent for crime, and the effects ofRead MoreThe Capital Punishment Debate Essay2269 Words   |  10 PagesCapital Punishment Try to imagine a relative sitting in a dark, cold, and tight prison cell and knowing minutes later that death would come for them through lethal injection. What if their case wasnt handled correctly, what if evidence was mishandled, and possibly an innocent person is going to die. Imagine the family who has been waiting years for justice to be served by the means of lethal injection. There is two sides to every story either way both families will grieve or already is. Read MoreThe Debate Over Capital Punishment1599 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Capital Punishment is a sure punishment. Sure punishment in the sense that the convicted never commits another crime, namely a homicide, again. People that oppose it support the argument that as human beings we shouldn’t take the responsibility of judging who should and shouldn’t die. That argument is backed by moral reasons, whether they are religious or simply ethical beliefs. Another argument against it is the fact that an offender facing the death penalty does not deter themRead MoreAmerica s Debate On Capital Punishment760 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica’s Debate: Should the Capital Punishment be abolished in the United States? Violent crimes such a murder, rape, sexual assault, and robbery are perpetrated by criminals once every few minutes in this country. Lawmakers spend countless hours enacting laws to prevent these crimes. The introduction of the death penalty is an effort to deter criminals from committing heinous crimes. What exactly does the death penalty accomplish? The best description of the term death penalty is the legal executionRead MoreThe Debate over Capital Punishment Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Debate over Capital Punishment South Carolina, January 15, 1993. After wounding an Orangeburg, S.C. police officer with a misfired bullet, Thomas Treshawn Ivey, an Alabama prison escapee, proceeded to fired five more shots into the police officer from a handgun at close range after the wounded police office had reached for his gun. Ivey fled the scene but was quickly apprehended. This scenario is not to different from the horrible acts of violence that lead an offender to death row where

A.Cyberbullying Bullying That Occurs Over The Internet

a. Cyberbullying: Bullying that occurs over the internet or via cell phones b. Despite the attention it receives in the popular media, in part because of a few very high-profile cases, online harassment is far less common than most people think, and, more importantly, less common that in-person harassment. c. Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying also frequently engage in cyberbullying, and adolescents who are frequent victims of traditional bullying are also victims of electronic harassment. 14. Problematic peer relationships are associated with a range of serious psychological and behavior problems during adolescence and adulthood. Individuals who are unpopular or who have poor peer relationships during adolescence are more†¦show more content†¦b. †¢ Some experts believe that the poor performance of middle and junior high schools is due primarily to their failure to meet the developmental needs of young adolescents †¢ Because adolescence is a time during which relationships with peers and non-familial adults become more important, independence becomes more desirable, and rules and regulations are increasingly scrutinized, these changes in school climate create a mismatch between what adolescents need and what their schools provide. This leads many young adolescents to disengage from school †¢ Teachers in junior high schools also tend to be more likely to believe that students’ abilities are fixed and not easily modified through instruction—a belief that interferes with student achievement 4. a. Tracking: The practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level b. Proponents of tracking note that ability grouping allows teachers to design class lessons that are more finely tuned to students’ abilities. Tracking may be especially useful in high school, where students must master certain basic skills before they can learn specialized subjects as science, math, or foreign languages. Critics of tracking point out, however, that students in the

The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms Essay

Introduction The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (herein referred to as the Charter) as well as the Canadian Human Rights Act stipulates that everyone has the right not to be discriminated against. Moreover, the Human Rights Commission defines discrimination as ‘an action or a decision that treats a person or a group negatively for reasons such as their race, age or disability.’ Furthermore, the Charter states: 15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. This provision is monumental in Canadian history as it is a step in treating everyone as equal and attempting to prevent discrimination from occurring. The movement towards equality and legal backing to anti-discrimination lead to the creation of the duty to accommodate faced by businesses, school, other public entities, etc. The goal of accommodation is to ensure a level playing field to allow everyone to have equal opportunity as well as to uphold human rights. The goal of section 15 of the Charter and each jurisdictions equality guarantee is to ‘promote substantive equality and not just formal equality.’ Substantive equality requires a person’s differences and historical disadvantages to be taken into account. The duty to accommodate, as stated by theShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1617 Words   |  7 Pages Since its inception in 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, very much like its primary architect Pierre Trud eau, has been one of the most celebrated yet controversial elements of Canadian politics and governance. Revealing how this dynamic emerged requires a nuanced understanding of the motivation behind the Charter and the techniques it employed to succeed. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like the entire patriation process, was motivated by and mobilized support throughRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1613 Words   |  7 Pages The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms simply referred to as the â€Å"Charter†, is a significant document in regards to the Canadian constitution. Its primary aim is to uphold individual rights and freedoms and promote equality in administering justice. However, its passage in 1982 has led to increased controversies given that the Charter gives courts more power in interpreting its provisions while sidelining the legislature (Boyd 118). This means that the advent of this Charter was the end ofRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms840 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is an important milestone in Canadian history. An effort through rigorous debate and compromise gave birth to this document that defines our collective values and principles by guaranteeing and protecting the fundamental rights of its citizens. Prior to the Charter, there was no gurantee in Canada that rights and freedoms would not be taken away by legislation. T he Charter also allows courts to render the constitutional duty so that any decisions made areRead MoreCanadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the rights of Canadian citizens and provides them with assurance that all Canadians will be treated equally under the law. The Charter claims to guarantee rights and freedoms, fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, equality rights, language rights, legal rights, and enforcement rights, and Aboriginal rights. Although the Charter claims to guarantee the rights and freedoms of Canadian citizens, the government is still able toRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was established in 1982 and was put into place by the Trudeau government. The purpose of the Charter was to protect the rights of Canadian individuals and to establish independence from Britain. However, o ne section of the charter sparked much controversy, this was section 33, also known as The Notwithstanding Clause. The purpose of this clause was to allow the state to override a right protected by the charter, for various reasons. These reasons includeRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1531 Words   |  7 PagesBasing the Basics on a Belief in Something Bigger The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, implemented in 1982 outlines the rights and freedoms that Canadians have as citizens of this country. In this paper I will ask whether we need such a charter, whether we can trust the interpretation of the Charter by the Supreme Court and how the Charter balances power in a democratic way. I will then contemplate the foundational place morality holds in the lawmaking process. In all of this I argue thatRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1386 Words   |  6 Pagesprinciple by entitling an accused of even the most heinous crimes to civil liberties and processes as not to compromise the criminal trial process. A fair trial is an intrinsic right of all members of society making it fundamental to our being, and is ergo ensured to us all under s.11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms. Provided with other preemptive measures to guarantee justice is achieved in the criminal trial proceedings. Additionally, the courts help facilitate an understanding of theRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Right And Freedom1225 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal and family justice system has become very complicated, slow and extremely expensive for majority of Canadians. These issues are particularly glaring to low income earners, people with disabilities and other minorities. Canadian justice system have become incapable of providing solutions that can addressing problems brought to it. With the creation of the Canadian charter of right and freedom, access to justice became more of an equality issue. It moved from simply being the capacity to litigateRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms(CCORAF) Guarantees a Free and Democratic Society The Charter of Rights and Freedoms upholds the individual rights of all Canadians. Agree or disagree with the following statement. The Charter is part of Canada’s constitution; the highest law of Canada, which sets out the framework for how Canada is to be governed. The CCORAF sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians feel are necessary to maintain Canada as a free and democratic community. The CharterRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms883 Words   |  4 PagesRainbow Nation of South Africa in 1994, the first democratically elected government was tasked with drawing up a new constitution that would properly enshrine the human rights that had so long been denied the majority of citizens. One source drawn upon in developing the new constitution was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, itself then little more than a decade old. It is not necessary to be a constitutional scholar to detect many similarities between the two; indeed, Canada’s pride in this The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Essay The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II April 17, 1982. Often referred to as the Charter, it affirms the rights and freedoms of Canadians in the Constitution of Canada. The Charter encompasses fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, legal rights, language rights and equality rights. The primary function of the Charter is to act as a regulatory check between Federal, Provincial and Territorial governments and the Canadian people. Being a successor of the Canadian Bill of Rights that was a federal statute, amendable by Parliament, the Charter is a more detailed and explicit constitutional document that has empowered the judiciary to render regulations and statutes at both the†¦show more content†¦The necessity to limit the rights and freedoms of Canadians is illustrated and reinforced through the governments use of reasonable limits, ‘notwithstanding clause’ to limit individual rights and freedoms, an d the occasional need for the government to have power extended above and beyond the limits prescribed in the Charter. The first section of the Charter embodies two capacities that are vital to the definition and interpretation of the ‘reasonable limits clause.’ Section one â€Å"guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it† as well as stating that the criteria for limiting a person’s rights and freedoms must be â€Å"prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democraticShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1617 Words   |  7 Pages Since its inception in 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, very much like its primary architect Pierre Trudeau, has been one of the most celebrated yet controversial elements of Canadian politics and governance. Revealing how this dynamic emerged requires a nuanced understanding of the motivation behind the Charter and the techniques it employed to succeed. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like the entire patriation process, was motivated by and mobilized support t hroughRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1613 Words   |  7 Pages The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms simply referred to as the â€Å"Charter†, is a significant document in regards to the Canadian constitution. Its primary aim is to uphold individual rights and freedoms and promote equality in administering justice. However, its passage in 1982 has led to increased controversies given that the Charter gives courts more power in interpreting its provisions while sidelining the legislature (Boyd 118). This means that the advent of this Charter was the end ofRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms840 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is an important milestone in Canadian history. An effort through rigorous debate and compromise gave birth to this document that defines our collective values and principles by guaranteeing and protecting the fundamental rights of its citizens. Prior to the Charter, there was no gurantee in Canada that rights and freedoms would not be taken away by legislation. T he Charter also allows courts to render the constitutional duty so that any decisions made areRead MoreCanadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the rights of Canadian citizens and provides them with assurance that all Canadians will be treated equally under the law. The Charter claims to guarantee rights and freedoms, fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, equality rights, language rights, legal rights, and enforcement rights, and Aboriginal rights. Although the Charter claims to guarantee the rights and freedoms of Canadian citizens, the government is still able toRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was established in 1982 and was put into place by the Trudeau government. The purpose of the Charter was to protect the rights of Canadian individuals and to establish independence from Britain. However, o ne section of the charter sparked much controversy, this was section 33, also known as The Notwithstanding Clause. The purpose of this clause was to allow the state to override a right protected by the charter, for various reasons. These reasons includeRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1531 Words   |  7 PagesBasing the Basics on a Belief in Something Bigger The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, implemented in 1982 outlines the rights and freedoms that Canadians have as citizens of this country. In this paper I will ask whether we need such a charter, whether we can trust the interpretation of the Charter by the Supreme Court and how the Charter balances power in a democratic way. I will then contemplate the foundational place morality holds in the lawmaking process. In all of this I argue thatRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1386 Words   |  6 Pagesprinciple by entitling an accused of even the most heinous crimes to civil liberties and processes as not to compromise the criminal trial process. A fair trial is an intrinsic right of all members of society making it fundamental to our being, and is ergo ensured to us all under s.11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms. Provided with other preemptive measures to guarantee justice is achieved in the criminal trial proceedings. Additionally, the courts help facilitate an understanding of theRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Right And Freedom1225 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal and family justice system has become very complicated, slow and extremely expensive for majority of Canadians. These issues are particularly glaring to low income earners, people with disabilities and other minorities. Canadian justice system have become incapable of providing solutions that can addressing problems brought to it. With the creation of the Canadian charter of right and freedom, access to justice became more of an equality issue. It moved from simply being the capacity to litigateRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms(CCORAF) Guarantees a Free and Democratic Society The Charter of Rights and Freedoms upholds the individual rights of all Canadians. Agree or disagree with the following statement. The Charter is part of Canada’s constitution; the highest law of Canada, which sets out the framework for how Canada is to be governed. The CCORAF sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians feel are necessary to maintain Canada as a free and democratic community. The CharterRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms883 Words   |  4 PagesRainbow Nation of South Africa in 1994, the first democratically elected government was tasked with drawing up a new constitution that would properly enshrine the human rights that had so long been denied the majority of citizens. One source drawn upon in developing the new constitution was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, itself then little more than a decade old. It is not necessary to be a constitutional scholar to detect many similarities between the two; indeed, Canada’s pride in this

Assessment and care management free essay sample

This reflection essay is going to forms on an assessment tool that uses in my work setting of healthcare delivery. Reflexive exercise, which includes reflexivity that assists the development of emotional intelligence(Grainger 2010). It will use Gibbs(1969) reflective cycle to explain one of the areas where I found myself incompetent with the use of a pain assessment tool. Even though there are variety model of reflective writing Gibbs model is ideal and permitting for explanation, analysis and valuation of the experience helping the reflective personal to make sense of the incident and examine their works. To maintain the confidentiality of the persons according to Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) it uses fictional names. First part of Gibbs cycle is description of the event. I am a student in BSC Honours in Nursing and Healthcare course in a university. When working in a nursing home with most of dementia patients, the sister in charge showed one Pain Assessment In Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) tool (Appendix 3) and explained it. She said fill that form by assessing the residents. As I am new in that healthcare setting I asked one of my colleagues for assistance. He introduced that form to me more deeply and told to assess the patient for five minutes before filling the form. I assessed one cognitively impaired patient with the PAINAD tool(Corbett, 2012). The next stage of Gibbs reflective cycle is feeling. I was happy to use that tool, because that was my first time using PAINAD tool. However, I was embarrassed and confused too as it was not customary in my practice I felt shame on me as a nurse. N. M. C (2008) states that all nurses should be competent in their work set up. I thought about importance of this tool since advanced dementia patients do not have the ability to communicate effectively (Scott,2012), which is supported by Chatterjee(2012). Thus it is important to assess their silent pain and is the responsibility of healthcare professionals. I also thought that why does this tool need five minute monitoring, and who formulated this tool, so I decided to check for it. Gibbs Reflective cycle’s third level is evaluation. As the residents with dementia lack the communication ability they cannot express their pain and agitation verbally (While,2009), thus finding their unspeakable needs is the responsibility of those who care for them. If the pain left untreated the condition of the resident may get worse with aggression , lack of socialisation and sleep deprivation(While,2009). Corbett (2012) states that correct management of pain is essential for the patient as well as the staff, since it provides easiness of care. It is also should be taken in to consideration that at least 79 percent of dementia patients have any kind of painful condition (Zieber, 2005). Thus the importance of assessing pain through their various expressions was clear to me. Analysis of the situation is the fourth element of Gibbs cycle. I analysed topics I have read and recounting that in the fourth stage of Gibbs cycle. Even though there are many methods to determine the pain, I found that PAINAD is one of the effective one. Chatterjee(2012) states that a major portion of elderly people affect with pain and cognitive impairment before death. The health care professionals need to ask the susceptible person about pain using different words and gestures such as aching, hurting, uncomfortable (SCIE,2009). However, Scherder(2009) and Scott (2012) states that in advanced dementia stage patients lose their linguistic and self care ability which pointed to the importance of assessing pain through various expressions. Herr et. al. (2010) describing as much as 14 pain assessment tools using in health care setting and found that PAINAD by Warden et al(2003) received the highest rating. Six behavioural aspects with a score of zero to two are using in Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Tool (Appendix 1). Chatterjee(2012) pointed that PAINAD(Warden et. al,2003) does not provide data on patients complaints where as it only focused on activities of the person. He further states that self reported pain is the most reliable one. If it is found that the person lacks the ability to self report, an observation scale should be used to determine the pain (While,2009). The situation makes me think over the studies conducted about pain assessment tools and its importance in dementia patient care. As pain is a subjective feeling (While,2009) it is hard to assess and manage (Corbett et. al,2012). Thus obtaining the presence and intensity either by assessing activities or by direct reporting may not give excellent result in cognitively impaired patients, however using a combination of tools providing both subjective and objective data should be useful(Chatterjee,2012; Corbett,2009). The reading of articles helped me as a care promoter to assess and manage with residents who are cognitively impaired and susceptible to pain. Even though at first the situation made me embarrassed, I could gain enormous knowledge secondary to that. The incident helped me to understand more about Dementia and need of pain assessment in those dementia patients. Action plan for the future is the last stage of Gibbs reflective cycle. I realised the importance of gaining and updating knowledge day by day since there is new inventions and methods in healthcare sector and planned an action plan (Appendix 2). Healthcare sector is improving and becomes more evidence based to deliver accurate care to patients. N. M. C(2012) persuades nurses to improve up to date their knowledge and skills throughout the career. It also declare that nurses should have the knowledge and skills for safe and effective practice while working. So I decided for continual reading and collaborating my practice with evidence based theories. I decided to participate in appropriate study sessions and practice workshops to attain more knowledge to my career (N. M. C,2012). I planned to assess each residents who belongs to me in each shifts, so I could know their unspeakable feelings and pain. I determined to use both subjective as well as objective data get from each one for this purpose. Cognitively impaired people should be given extra assistance to describe their pain experience through the use of suitable adapted tools, modified to allow for sensory and cognitive insufficiency in the patient and selected to suit their capabilities(Chatterjee,2012). The incident in the new work atmosphere helped to reflect on it and to acquire knowledge to my profession.

Benefits Of Physical Fitness Essays - Physical Exercise,

Benefits Of Physical Fitness Benefits of Physical Fitness Physical Fitness has many positive benefits for a persons body. Exercise provides health benefits, increases strength and energy, enhances a persons appearance, which helps with self-esteem and also relieves stress. A major health benefit from exercising is reducing the risk of heart disease. Exercise will help increase the HDL (good cholesterol) to LDL (bad cholesterol) ratio. Estimates are that 96.8 million American adults (51 percent) have blood cholesterol values of 200 mg/dL and higher. About 37.7 million American adults (20 percent) have levels of 240 or above. By having physical activity, the efficiency of the heart and lungs is increased. As a persons level of fitness increases blood pressure will decrease therefore lowering high blood pressure. Exercise also controls diabetes by increasing insulin efficiency. A persons body is protected against osteoporosis when exercising because bone mass is increased. Studies done on the bone density of broken limbs have shown that in just 2 months, a bone can lose 5 percent of its mass. Astronauts have also shown similar loses when subjected to weightlessness. By exercising frequently, a persons joints, tendons, and ligaments are more flexible promo ting easy unrestricted movement. This will increase a persons sense of balance and agility. Exercise also helps expedite the movement of the nutrients to the cells and the toxins from the cells improving digestion and elimination. The endurance and energy level a persons body is also increased. Exercising increases a persons life span by slowing aging process. Muscle tone in the body is improved and weight loss is controlled making a person look and feel better. This type of feeling really helps boost a persons self-esteem and decreases depression. Physical activity relieves stress and tension from a persons body by clearing the mind. Anxiety can also be released in exercises such as kickboxing, aerobics, or tae-bo. Another benefit that most people dont think of is the reduction in health care costs. The fitter a person is, the less chance of becoming ill. As many as 12 percent of the deaths in the US may be due to diseases associated with lack of regular physical activity. Steven Blair, chief of epidemiology at the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research in Dallas, led a study of physical activity levels and mortality. He found that the greatest percentage decrease in the death rate occurred in moving from the lowest fit group to the next-lowest fit group. Increasing levels of fitness went along with lower death rates, but the percentage improved in longevity decreased as fitness increased. Heart diseased, strokes, cancer, and diabetes are four of the top ten causes of death. These diseases are a great burden to our health care system. A person might consider and think about the savings physical fitness can bring to themselves and the government. Our health is very important to us. If physical fitness can help us be healthier and live a longer life span, then we should consider having some sort of exercise routine added to our daily life. College of Sports and Medicine (ACSM) and the Centers for Disease Control recommended, Every Us adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. Sports and Games

Solare Energy Through Relays

Solare Energy Through Relays Free Online Research Papers INTRODUCTION: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The total solar energy absorbed by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earths non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined. Solar energys uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process h eat for industrial purposes. To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels which are oriented in a specific direction. PURPOSE OF PROJECT: Since the solar panel is oriented in a specific direction, it uses the maximum possible solar energy when the Sun is exactly in front of it (i.e. the sun rays are normal to the solar panel). As the Earth moves around the sun or about its own axis, the solar energy striking the panel decreases and, therefore, the production of electricity from the panel decreases. In order to get the maximum benefit of solar energy, the solar panel must move relative to the Sun, as the Earth moves, without using any manpower. In this project, we have made the solar panel to move as the source of light moves to achieve the target of maximum electricity production with less labour. MATERIALS USED: Relays, Transistors, LDR, Motor, 12 volt supply METHOD: In this project, two LDRs control the motion of panel through motor. When the light falling on these LDRs is same the motor brings the panel in static condition by stopping its rotation. As the light source moves, it changes the intensities of light on both LDRs i.e. more intensity on the LDR which is near to the source of light. This results in the rotation of motor in order to move the panel so that the light falling on both LDRs becomes equal. The polarity of the motor is controlled by H-bridge which is made by means of relays. A third LDR, whose sensitivity is greater than the two LDRs, is also used in order to cut the main supply when the two LDRs are in dark. CONCLUSION: Since the solar energy is very much available and is also a safe source from environmental point of view, its use is increasing day by day. Still we are not making the most of solar energy but the benefits of solar energy can be increased to a large extent if use solar energy tracking systems like this in order to meet the recent demands of energy in the World. This system requires no labour to change the orientation of solar panel. So it is also attracting from economical point of view. AKNOWLEDGMENT: In the making of this project, a great support of our university, teachers and friends is also involved. We are very thankful to all our teachers and friends who helped us and gave their valuable time as well as guidance to us. Research Papers on Solare Energy Through RelaysBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMind TravelGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Spring and AutumnIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paper

The yellow wall paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The yellow wall paper - Essay Example She becomes obsessed with the rooms revolting yellow wallpaper. Throughout the general summary as well as the chapter explanations, the narrator suffered from temporary nervous depression. Out of this, the husband orders her to take a rest on what actually the narrator describes as the haunted house. For the sake of the two of them to stay there, the woman gives in despite her feeling uncomfortable. To wrap up the significance of the title, the yellow house built of yellow bricks (Gilman and Jean 50). The story has a variety of characters that help develop the story line. First, there is the narrator. Through the eyes of the omniscient narrator, who is the protagonist, her know it all helps the reader to unveil the rather knit up the story of the woman with complications and the ordeals of the family as well as the neighbors. She is imaginative and creative person as she lives to tell of the society’s view of women’s artistic skills and intellect as an anomaly, as misfits and ill as shown through the story. John is the other character, the narrator’s husband, who happens to be a physician. He totally differs on his wife’s intellect for his chauvinistic stance only propels him to believe what he can only see and touch. For example, his own creation of hypochondriac, as the disease for his woman tells it all. His busy schedule is what ignites her wife to stay alone and choose to write, an obsessive ritual centered on the yellow paper in their room (77). Jennie, John’s sister serves as the house help. Her duty also involve to check up the overgrowing zealous of John’s wife in writing. Her brother’s belief of a concrete view of the world binds her. The other main character is Weir Mitchell, the doctor who engineered the rest cure for John’s wife. These characters are real personnel’s as the author deviates from using fiction characters. The setting reflects the era when

Globalisation Of Marketing Design and Innovation Dissertation

Globalisation Of Marketing Design and Innovation - Dissertation Example According to Doyle, innovation, as a marketing strategy, has several times proved to be the key factor to reward success to many businesses. It is also considered to be the path of attaining higher growth in terms of sales, market shares, and others. However, innovation can be referred to as the development of a newly designed product, marketing channels, and marketing concepts. Thus, innovation in marketing can be stated as one of the crucial elements to achieve an efficient competitive advantage and growth. This statement can be well-observed in the case of television industry where analysts claim to witness an extraordinary chain of innovations which brought about changes in shape, color, size and other features of the genre. For instance, Lachenbruch stated that in its performance from 1953 to 1956 the television industry reached its maturity similar to radio and phonograph industries. It was the period when almost every household in America had a television set in their living r oom and thus sales of television begun to fall. By that period, a new version of television was introduced to the market, i.e. color TVs. This innovation again took the industry to its growth.   These kinds of evidence can be witnessed in almost every stage of the industry, especially in terms of style and technology. This shall be evidently identified in the further discussion.  The introduction of television can be identified in the early 1920s when television was presented in two broad paths.

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines A novel combination adjuvant platform for human and animal vaccines   Ravendra Garg, Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Volker and Gerdts Abstract Adjuvants are critical component of vaccines. They are being used to enhance and extend the overall immune response, to drive the response towards a specific type of immunity, and to reduce the need for multiple booster immunizations. Here we report the development of a combination adjuvant platform consisting of three immune stimulators, namely host defence peptides, polyphosphazenes and PolyI:C/CpG ODN. The adjuvant platform was co-formulated with a variety of human and animal vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. When co-formulated with a wide range of viral and bacterial antigens including Bordetella pertussis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Chlamydia trachomatis and influenza antigens, a single immunization induced 100-1,000 fold stronger humoral immune responses (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), a much earlier onset of immunity, a clear shift towards a more balanced or Th-1 type of response and extended duration of immunity of up to two years in some cases. The vacc ines were highly effective in neonates of less than 7 days of age and provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with B. pertussis or RSV. Furthermore, the polyphosphazenes in this combination allow the assembly of microparticles that when lyophilized were stable for several months. Intranasal immunization with these microparticles induced strong mucosal immune response in the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, the adjuvant platform was highly effective in the presence of maternal antibodies. In summary, we developed a novel vaccine platform for neonates, which provided more balanced, long lasting and fully protective immune responses in neonates after a single vaccination only. Introduction Vaccine provides huge public health benefits for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. Live vaccines generate effective immune responses but have been associated with a number of safety concerns, including improper attenuation and reverting back to virulence.   Nonliving vaccine antigens i.e. whole, inactivated viruses and specifically recombinant or highly purified subunit vaccines are often weakly immunogenic and need adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine based on antibodies and effector T cell functions to prevent infection. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccines, usually used to stimulate faster, stronger, and long-lasting immune responses to vaccines. It has various roles in vaccine formulations i.e. enhance immune responses to vaccine antigens, provide faster onset of immunity, improving immune responses to immunization in infant or elderly populations, whose immune system are immature or waning, dose sparing, either reducing the quantity of antigen required in the vaccine preparation or reducing the immunization schedule (Coffman, Sher et al. 2010). Adjuvants are absolutely required in subunit vaccines due to the poor immunogenicity of such antigens. There is no single universal adjuvant which can cover all the vaccine requirements. Using single adjuvant has a number of limitations, including induction of weak, improper, and short lived immune responses. For example, alum and MF59 (Kenney and Edelman 2003) are the universally approved adjuvant for human vaccines. Both normally induce a Th2 biased immune responses but not cellular immune responses which required for immunity against intracellular infections. In many novel adjuvant technologies, using multiple adjuvants in combination often act synergistically by stimulating and activating a various type of immune cells. Combination of adjuvants platform is promising and beneficial for suboptimal vaccines and particularly advantageous for vaccines against specific and more susceptible populations, such as neonates and the older adults. In some aspects, the neonate immune system is similar to that of the elderly, both having diminished anti-microbial activity by immune cells, reduce d antigen uptake and presentation by antigen presenting cells and compromised adaptive immune responses (Simon, Hollander et al. 2015). Strong adjuvants may provide an approach to boost immune responses in the both neonates and elderly populations. Most of the studies have combined a delivery system with an immunostimulatory adjuvant, especially combinations with the TLR agonists and MPL. Combination adjuvants have only recently been vigorously explored. Some combinations have been tested in humans and large animals and have yielded promising results. Recently, we developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) which is highly effective with wide range of animal and human vaccine. Novel Combination adjuvant platform for animal vaccines: Veterinary vaccines have been used for several of years, and have an important role in protecting animal health, animal welfare, food production, and public health. They are a cost-effective method to prevent animal disease, improve the food production, greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals and reduce or prevent transmission of zoonotic disease to human. Interestingly, the challenges related with vaccinating animals are stability, low cost, ease of administration etc., require new solutions in vaccine development. Freund introduced a combination of mineral oils and bacterial cell components (Freunds complete adjuvant) for the improvement of vaccine immune responses (Freund et al., 1937). However, many nations are not using the Freunds adjuvant in animals due to its reactivity and side effects. Alum and emulsions based formulations have been successfully used since long time in a wide variety of animal vaccines. However, with an advanced underst anding of the immune system, many new adjuvants (Saponins, Liposomes, virosomes, particle based and TRL ligand) have recently been developed for veterinary applications. A wide range of adjuvants has been successfully used in commercial vaccines for animals and several new technologies are currently in preclinical development. Over the past decade, we have seen several new combination adjuvants, typically contain two and three individual adjuvant components, including MF59â„ ¢ (Novartis Inc.), ASâ„ ¢ (Glaxo Smith Kline Inc.), IC31â„ ¢ (Valneva Inc.) etc. We recently developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) that is contained of three components, namely toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist either PolyI:C or CpG ODN and an immunostimulatory host defense peptide (HDPs) in polyphosphazene carrier system (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). Synthetic PolyI:C and CpG ODNs are well known potent adjuvant with various vaccine antigens and have been shown to enhance immune responses by activating monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and B cells, and induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines   (Krieg 2002; Trumpfheller, Longhi et al. 2012). The second component, HDPs are derivatives of natural host defense peptides, which are cationic amp hipathic peptides with microbicidal, chemotactic and/or immunomodulatory properties (Yeung, Gellatly et al. 2011). HDPs are involved in a range of immune functions including immune cell recruitment (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells and mast cells), innate immune activation, and wound healing (Jenssen, Hamill et al. 2006). The third component, polyphosphazenes are synthetic water-soluble biodegradable polymer with immunostimulatory properties, and forms non-covalent complexes with variety of viral and bacterial antigens and/or other adjuvants to enhance their stability, immunogenicity and allow multimeric presentation (Mutwiri, Benjamin et al. 2007; Andrianov, DeCollibus et al. 2009; Kovacs-Nolan, Latimer et al. 2009; Awate, Wilson et al. 2012). When vaccine antigens were co-formulated with this combination, we found much faster onset of immunity, highly effective even after a single immunization and significantly long lasting, robust, protective immune responses against variety of animal pathogens including bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. The combination adjuvant is stable, cost effective and highly effective in a variety of animals including pigs, sheep, cattle, koalas, cotton rats and mice (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011; Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Snider, Garg et al. 2014; Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). For example, formulation of E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus with TriAdj resulted in strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses, leading to significant protection following pathogen challenge of calves (Snider, Garg et al. 2014). Fusion protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus co-formulated with TriAdj developed significantly higher antibod ies and interferon gamma secretion (Kovacs-Nolan, Mapletoft et al. 2009). Similarly, formulation of S1 domain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and outer membrane protein of chlamydial major   with TriAdj enhanced humoral and cell mediated immune response in pig and koalas respectively (Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Makadiya, Brownlie et al. 2016). Novel Combination adjuvant platform for human vaccines: Several combination adjuvants consisting of a variety of immunomodulators such as Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), montanides, nanoemulsions, and Adjuvant Systems have been developed in recent years and are currently being tested with human vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. The novel adjuvant platform, TriAdj was co-formulated with various human vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. This adjuvant platform is highly effective against a variety of infectious diseases. TriAdj was shown to promote the induction of strong immune responses to various viral and bacterial antigens in multiple animals. For instance, TriAdj in combination with fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), mediated the induction of robust, balanced and long-term protective immunity by stimulating long-lived neutralizing antibodies, memory B and CD8+ T cells against hRSV (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013; Garg, Latimer et al. 2014). In addition, mucosal vaccination with TriAdj formulated antigen induced both systemic and local immunity in neonates, even in the face of maternal antibodies (Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). Similarly, when TriAdj was used with pertussis toxoid of Bordetella pertussis, strong and protective immune responses were found in both mice and pigs against lethal infection with B. pertussis (Gracia, Polewicz et al. 2011; Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011). Furthermore, the vaccine formulated with TriAdj induced a prompt onset, longer duration than existing commercial vaccines and effective after a single vaccination even in the presence of maternal antibodies. (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2013). TriAdj platform was also formulated with influenza virus antigens or chlamydia antigens, which induces strong immune responses in vaccinated animals (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Shim, Ko et al. 2010). The combination of adjuvants was also shown to be suitable for maternal immunization. Vaccination of pregnant animals with TriAdj formulated human vaccines resulted in efficient transfer of maternal antibodies and protection from subsequent challenge of the offspring (Elahi, Buchanan et al. 2006; Garg, Latimer et al. 2016). These results indicate that maternal immunization with TriAdj formulated antigens might be an alternative, safe and effective approach to provide protection against pathogens in newborn and young infants. Furthermore, the adjuvant platform can be formulated into microspheres (100 nm to 2 ÃŽ ¼m) to enhance the mucosal and syt emic immune response following intranasal vaccination (Garlapati, Garg et al. 2012). The TriAdj is expected to have multiple applications for the development of vaccines against multiple respiratory pathogens and possibly other infectious agents. Mechanisms of action of novel Combination adjuvant platform: A number of mechanisms of action were identified for this novel combination adjuvant. For example, TriAdj as a mucosal adjuvant increased antigen uptake by dendritic cells, improved dendritic cell maturation, and more efficient transported to local draining lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells   (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). TriAdj with antigens promoted the production of chemokines, cytokines and inflammatory cytokines, followed by recruitment and activation of several immune cell populations including dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils to the upper and lower respiratory tract, that leads to strong and long-term   protective immune responses of this novel adjuvant formulation (Sarkar, Garg et al. 2016). This was further correlated to the induction of local humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including production of large numbers of IgA secreting memory B cells as well as effective memory CD8+ T cells. TriAdj also promoted increased germinal centre react ions and effective B cell activation and development in the lungs following mucosal immunization (Garg, Theaker et al. 2016). References   Andrianov, A. K., D. P. DeCollibus, et al. (2009). Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] is a potent adjuvant for intradermal immunization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(45): 18936-18941. Awate, S., H. L. Wilson, et al. (2012). Activation of adjuvant core response genes by the novel adjuvant PCEP. Molecular immunology 51(3-4): 292-303. Coffman, R. L., A. Sher, et al. (2010). Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 33(4): 492-503. Elahi, S., R. M. Buchanan, et al. (2006). Maternal immunity provides protection against pertussis in newborn piglets. Infect Immun 74(5): 2619-2627. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2014). Vaccination with the RSV fusion protein formulated with a combination adjuvant induces long-lasting protective immunity. J Gen Virol 95(Pt 5): 1043-1054. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2015). The respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant induces balanced immune responses in lambs with maternal antibodies. Vaccine. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2013). Induction of mucosal immunity and protection by intranasal immunisation with a novel respiratory syncytial virus vaccine formulation. The Journal of general virology. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2016). Maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from RSV in newborn lambs. Vaccine 34(2): 261-269. Garg, R., M. Theaker, et al. (2016). A single intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine formulation induces higher mucosal IgA production than live respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 499: 288-297. Garlapati, S., R. Garg, et al. (2012). Enhanced immune responses and protection by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles. Vaccine 30(35): 5206-5214. Gracia, A., M. Polewicz, et al. (2011). Antibody responses in adult and neonatal BALB/c mice to immunization with novel Bordetella pertussis vaccine formulations. Vaccine 29(8): 1595-1604. Jenssen, H., P. Hamill, et al. (2006). Peptide antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews 19(3): 491-511. Kenney, R. T. and R. Edelman (2003). Survey of human-use adjuvants. Expert review of vaccines 2(2): 167-188. Khan, S. A., C. Waugh, et al. (2014). Vaccination of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with a recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein adjuvanted with poly I:C, a host defense peptide and polyphosphazine, elicits strong and long lasting cellular and humoral immune responses. Vaccine 32(44): 5781-5786. Kindrachuk, J., H. Jenssen, et al. (2009). A novel vaccine adjuvant comprised of a synthetic innate defence regulator peptide and CpG oligonucleotide links innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 27(34): 4662-4671. Kovacs-Nolan, J., L. Latimer, et al. (2009). The novel adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene induces potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Vaccine 27(14): 2055-2064. Kovacs-Nolan, J., J. W. Mapletoft, et al. (2009). Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice. The Journal of general virology 90(Pt 8): 1892-1905. Krieg, A. M. (2002). CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 709-760. Makadiya, N., R. Brownlie, et al. (2016). S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein as a vaccine antigen. Virol J 13: 57. Mutwiri, G., P. Benjamin, et al. (2007). Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) is a potent enhancer of mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses in mice immunized with influenza virus antigens. Vaccine 25(7): 1204-1213. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2011). Influence of maternal antibodies on active pertussis toxoid immunization of neonatal mice and piglets. Vaccine 29(44): 7718-7726. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2013). Novel vaccine formulations against pertussis offer earlier onset of immunity and provide protection in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine 31(31): 3148-3155. Sarkar, I., R. Garg, et al. (2016). Formulation of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with a polymer-based combination adjuvant promotes transient and local innate immune responses and leads to improved adaptive immunity. Vaccine 34(42): 5114-5124. Shim, D. H., H. J. Ko, et al. (2010). Efficacy of poly[di(sodium carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) as mucosal adjuvant to induce protective immunity against respiratory pathogens. Vaccine 28(11): 2311-2317. Simon, A. K., G. A. Hollander, et al. (2015). Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282(1821): 20143085. Snider, M., R. Garg, et al. (2014). The bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein formulated with a novel adjuvant induces strong, balanced immune responses and provides protection from viral challenge in cattle. Vaccine 32(50): 6758-6764. Trumpfheller, C., M. P. Longhi, et al. (2012). Dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccines: a novel approach to induce T-cell immunity. Journal of Internal Medicine 271(2): 183-192. Yeung, A., S. Gellatly, et al. (2011). Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: 1-16.

Government Subsidies to Correct Externalities Essay -- Alternative Ene

Government Subsidies to Correct Externalities The provision of energy is riddled with market failures. For instance, the U.S. maintains a military presence in the Middle East at least partly in order to secure energy supplies, but to what extent do U.S. consumers pay for that at the pump? Anecdotally, petrol costs about half in the States what it does in Europe. For another example, short haul flights are often cheaper than train tickets to the same destination, and yet, air travel is about ten times worse for the environment than is rail. Does the cost of either ticket account for this difference? Both the production and consumption of energy give rise to economic costs that are difficult to allocate. These externalities are a long-recognized economic problem. That is why we are in the midst of boom times for the alternative energy industry. For the most part, alternative means alternative to derivatives of crude oil, but it also seeks to substitute for coal and to a lesser extent nuclear energy. In many cases, demand for alternatives has exceeded supply. Similarly, demand for investments in new alternative energy technologies has exceeded the stock of available good ideas (Green Dreams, 2006). But has this driven up the price? Well, sort of. What has happened is governments around the world have stepped in to support alternative energy. According to The Economist magazine, 49 governments have made formal commitments. So while consumers by and large are still minimizing cost in the energy purchases, their elected governments have demanded dramatic changes in patterns of production (Investing in clean energy, 2006). There are broadly three reasons for consumer preference for alternative energy.... ... to assure that society gets the package of output that it desires. Works Cited The answer, my friend? ? Can the windy Great Plains be a new power source, or is that just bluster? (2006, October 26). The Economist. Green Dreams ? The flood of money into clean energy is better news for society than it is for investors. (2006, November 16). The Economist. Investing in clean energy ? Tilting at windmills. (2006, November 16). The Economist. Hammond, P., Gamble, B. (2006, February 16). Simmons Oil Monthly ? Solar Energy Overview. Retrieved 17 November 2006 from: http://www.simmonsco-intl.com Campbell, J. (2005, February 12). NOPA Biodiesel Speech. National Oilseed Processors Association 2005 Annual Meeting. Wind Power. Wikipedia. Retrieved 17 November 2006 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_energy

Organizational Change Plan Essay

Electronic Health Record or EHR, is an electronic record of patient health information that includes demographics, progress notes, medications, vital signs, past medical history, and any other pertinent data that relates to a patient’s health record (â€Å"Himss†, 2012-2013). Electronic Health Records make clinical workflow more effective and efficient as well as provides monetary incentives from Medicare and Medicaid for those organizations that implement the use of these electronic records. CPOE, also known as Computerized Physician Order Entry, is a system utilized by physicians to enter in patient orders electronically. It is a safer and more effective way for doctors to enter orders for their patients and by using it, an organization will receive monetary benefits from Medicare and Medicaid. Change is important to any organization in order for that business to keep up with its competitors and to increase as well as improve the products and services that it provides to its customers. Technology plays a big role in the changes of an organization because technology is becoming more and more of a means of communication; whether it be in the form of communicating with cell phones to a physician communicating what orders he wants for a patient by using CPOE. The organization that I work for is in need of implementing Computerized Physician Order Entry in order to attest to and meet the requirements for Stage 2 for Meaningful Use. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has an EHR Incentive program that provides organizations monetary incentives for meeting certain requirements through the use of electronic health records. Their Meaningful Use requirements are split up into stages and in order to meet Stage 2, organizations have to implement certain requirements with the first being to use Computerized Physician Order Entry (Woodcock, 2010). Organizational and individual barriers such as lack of involvement from employees, lack of communication, fear and stress can cause issues when it comes to implementing a change such as CPOE. According to Barriers To Change (2007), â€Å"Involving employees as soon as possible in the change process and letting them create as much of the change as possible, is key to a successful change effort. â€Å" The organization that I work for has tried to involve the physicians in the building process of CPOE from the beginning. We have asked their input on what order sets would be good for them to have to make ordering easier and have let them practice in the Meditech Test environment by entering orders on fake patients; we have gotten really good feedback from the doctors that chose to come and it has helped with the change process. Inadequate communication is often the reason behind barriers to change and people being receptive to the change. Many people in the hospital did not know what CPOE was; communicating with them from the beginning about the system and what it actually is may have helped with the introduction of the system to the organization. Our hospital goes LIVE with CPOE September 24, 2013 and although administration was asked many months prior to this to inform the hospital of what was coming, most employees knew nothing about it until they came to the training classes that were held to show them how orders would be entered when we went up with CPOE. When it comes to change, certain details need to be shared with employees because they need to know why this change is occurring, what this change means for the organization itself, and what the change means for them and how it will affect their job(s). People often fear change, especially if they are not a part of it or aware of it. If employees understand why the change is occurring then they are more likely to accept it. CPOE can be a big change for an organization and can cause fear. Explain to employees what CPOE is, how it will improve patient safety in terms of legibility, and how it will create a better workflow for physicians and staff. According to Borkowski (2005), stress can certainly be increased due to change; it can create a physical as well as a psychological response in the work force. CPOE can put a lot of stress on physicians and supporting staff because their whole workflow has to change; learning a new routine of working needs encouragement and support from everyone. Factors that may influence the change could include content issues, process issues, contextual issues, and individual differences. Content issues are specific to each organization and refer to the change that is being implemented, in this case CPOE. These content issues can occur in an attempt to meet demands such as government regulations or changes in technological demands (â€Å"Factors Influencing Organizational Change Efforts,† n.d., p. 762). In the case of the organization that I work for they are implementing CPOE in order to meet the demands of Meaningful Use Stage 2 government requirements. Process issues are the actions that are taken during the implementation of the change and involve open, honest communication with employees about the change (â€Å"Factors Influencing Organizational Change Efforts,† n.d., p. 762). The organization should be honest with its employees about what CPOE is and why it is needed or why it will be a good change for the organization. They should also be efficient and express confidence that the change will be successful; knowing that administration is behind the change is an important part of being confident and showing employees that the organization is ready for this change (â€Å"Factors Influencing Organizational Change Efforts,† n.d., p. 763). Contextual issues deals with external factors that usually can’t be changed and internal factors that can be. External factors would include government regulations, as stated before, meeting Meaningful Use Stage 2 requirements. Internal factors would be attitudes or feelings about the change, lack of resources, or lack of knowledge about technology. If attitudes are negative coming from administration then employees are going to have a negative attitude towards the change as well. Administration or those implementing the change need to have a positive attitude and positive outlook on CPOE and express to employees that CPOE is going to improve workflow as well as patient safety when it comes to order entry. According to Factors Influencing Organizational Change Efforts (n.d.) organizations have a variety of individuals who have different attitudes and personalities that could influence the reaction and commitment to change. Individual differences can have a big impact on the implementation and the acceptance of CPOE; attitudes need to be positive and encouraging and communication needs to be open in order to have successful implementation of computerized physician order entry. Factors influencing organizational readiness mainly come from individuals themselves who are not ready or who do not want to accept the change. Individual readiness for change is when someone is open and willing to change; if the person is not open or willing then this affects their readiness for change. It seems as though the physicians are the ones who are the least ready for the change from paper charting to CPOE. Physicians are used to writing orders on paper, giving verbal orders or giving telephone orders and with CPOE this all changes. CPOE requires physicians to do their own ordering so verbal and telephone orders are supposed to be used as little as possible. Their readiness to change from ordering on paper to electronic ordering is not very high because they like the flexibility of being able to tell nurses to place orders for them and with CPOE this process is supposed to stop. Kurt Lewin’s change model of unfreezing, change and refreezing relates to the proposed change from placing orders on paper to electronic order entry. Unfreezing is an important step in the change process because it deals with communicating to employees about the change. Inform staff what CPOE is, why the hospital is making the change to CPOE and what CPOE means for the employees. Change deals with making the actual change from physicians ordering on paper to placing their own orders electronically. The refreezing stage is when the change has been implemented and accepted; the change has been accepted and the effects of the change are being monitored (Borkowski, 2005). Resources for the implementation of CPOE involved internal as well as external persons. Training will include superusers who will be available to assist staff on the units when the change is made. The Clinical Informatics team will be available extra hours to provide coverage on the CPOE Go Live day. Our facility uses Meditech so there will be Meditech consultants that come to assist us with the Go Live preparation of CPOE. Our physicians and nurses will have the coverage and help that they need with the implementation of Computerized Physician Order Entry. Resources Borkowski, N. (2005). Organizational Behavior in Health Care. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Factors Influencing Organizational Change Efforts. (n.d.). Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(6), 761-773. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/journals.htm?articleid=1630997&show=abstract HiMSS. (2012-2013). Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/library/ehr/?navItemNumber=13261 Woodcock, E. (2010, September). . , 31(9), 91-92. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/757065487

The Sudan Genocide - 749 Words

Sudan Genocide The Sudan genocide started on the 26 February 2003, When the Sudan liberation movement rebel groups took up arms against the government of Sudan, the Sudan government responded to the attacks by arming the Janjaweed militia’s and started an ethnic cleansing against non-Arabism Darfur leaving hundreds of thousands dead. At the beginning of 1991 non-Arabs of the zaghawa complained that they were victims of the intensifying Arab apartheid campaign. Sudanese Arabs who control the government are widely referred to as practicing apartheid against non-Arab citizens. The government is accused of â€Å"cleverly manipulating Arab solidarity to carry out policies of cleansing out an ethnic group. The genocide began on the 26th of February and a group called the Darfur liberation front and claimed that they attacked Golo. Army outposts and police stations were attacked by the rebels and the government took action by performing massive air and land assaults on the rebels. 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