Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent Research Paper Example

Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent Research Paper Example Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent Paper Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent Paper KIN 2510 Career Goals and Internship Assignment While everyone else is screaming about the quarterback who just scrambled for a touchdown on fourth-and-seven, that guy at the end of your row may be pondering a different number a 3 percent agents fee on $20 million in guaranteed money, perhaps. . Money hungry, sneaky, dishonest, unscrupulous. These are words that some athletes would use to describe a sports agent that they’ve had bad dealings with. Even a casual football fan has seen the impact of that scramble in the run-up to the current season. This past summer, universities across the South found themselves embroiled in controversies regarding player agent relationships, and one coach Nick Saban, of national champion University of Alabama angrily compared some agents to pimps. A good agent can help a professional athlete attain financial and mental stability during and after his career. An incompetent or dishonest agent can ruin an athlete’s playing career and threaten his financial security for years afterward. I aspire to be a great sports agent in the field of football with hard work, hands-on experience, dedication, and perserverance. What exactly is a sports agent? A sports agent works to market an athlete or products that are related to that athlete to promote the athletes career within his or her given sport. This means that the sports agent is responsible for meeting with team owners, managers, coaches and other individuals to promote the athlete that they represent. Much of a sports agents day is spent networking, talking with other professionals in the sport and keeping abreast of current trends and information that may affect decisions that the agent recommends to the athlete. In team and individual sports the agent works to negotiate contracts that are in the best interest of the athlete. This usually means getting a better salary, making provisions for injuries, or taking other options in lieu of salary increases. The sports agent makes recommendations to the athlete as to which option is best for him or her or which options are better over the long-term as opposed to just short-term benefits. A professional athlete can protect himself from the disreputable agents by carefully choosing an agent and working closely with him. In summary, a good agent does more than help a layer convert his athletic skills into financial security. He protects his client’s rights and, as New York Yankee executive Cedric Tallis said, â€Å"keeps the player in a frame of mind where he can perform best for himself and his team†. The education required to become a sports agent includes a four-year college degree in business or a related major. Most earn a degree in either sports administration (not every school offers it), business administration, finance/accounting or law. A bachelors degree is almost required, although a lot of people even stay a few more years and earn a masters degree. The future sports agent may then also follow that with a law degree. Attending school is usually not enough. Aspiring sports agents will also need to intern and again experience working with a sports agency. If nothing is available, a lot of aspiring agents work somewhere in sports until an agency position opens up. The agent must also understand the market his or her professional athlete plays for. You need to understand what other players of your clients caliber are making, keep a close tab on the market and form a strong relationship with the owner and (sometimes) coach of the team. Sports agents need to have excellent communication skills. They must sell a service, which in this case is a professional athlete. They must present outstanding sales skills like persuasion, persistence and dedication. Agents also need to form a tight bond with the athletes they work for. The career path for a sports agent isn’t as easy as it looks. You aren’t instantly a millionaire either. Almost all sports leagues require sports agents to be certified. For instance,  the NFL requires all sports agents to not only have a post graduate degree but a specific certification as well. Certifications can range from paying a small fee and taking a few courses to spending time and gaining experience within the specific league. Needless to say, networking during these 7 or so years of education is key. Since sports agents are high in numbers and generally low in demand, it is necessary to put yourself in position with the right location and with the right people who can get you in where you want to be. The next step in moving your way up the ladder would be to scout some potential or up and coming sports professionals who you can represent. Chances are, if you do et the opportunity to represent an athlete, it will not be a big time professional right off the bat. Which is normal, your reputation is what you make of it, so starting small and following through will ultimately help you in the long run. Your success with one athlete will eventually attract others, and from there your reputation will begin to flourish. After gaining the degree, certification, experience, a nd clientele, it will be some time before you can really prosper. Big time sports agents have often times branched out of their specialized sport industry and gained clientele in other sports leagues after some time. In doing so, sports agents have the ability to represent a larger amount of professionals, and gain experience in a various amount of sports leagues. But be careful, each sports league has different requirements for its sports agents, how they can conduct business and how much they can charge for their services. Getting to know your league, sport, and industry is key. There are several websites listing endless internships. Whether they be paid or not should not matter when starting off. Experience is key. There is an internship opportunity from a law firm looking for a sports intern. I think that that would be a wonderful opportunity because it’s working with a law firm and so you get earlier hands on experience in the legal department than just interning for a sports team. Also, the Oklahoma City Redhawks have a job opening for Vice President in sponsorship sales. This opportunity would not be something that I would be interested in because I know almost little to nothing about baseball and the field in which I’m interested in doesn’t have much to do with selling sponsorships. But nonetheless it is a great opportunity for someone who is interested in that particular area. One particular internship that caught my eye was with USA Football. In Indianapolis, not far from where I live, a membership services intern is needed. There is compensation, and also I believe that it is a great starting internship because of its description. The job duties consist of researching youth football leagues throughout the USA currently in the database, entering additional league information into the internal database, responding to member inquiries received through online help desk as needed, and entering member data for affiliated organizations. It seems like a great way to get hands on in the business world of football. Even though it is for youth football, it is still experience. Sports agency is definitely the area I am most interested in, particularly the football field. With a lot of dedication, perserverence, hands-on knowledge and experience, I believe that I have what it takes to dominate in this field. Internship Sources Internship 1- sportsagentblog. com/2010/11/03/sports-law-internship/ Internship 2- http://pclbaseball. teamworkonline. com/teamwork/r. cfm? i=35768 Internship 3- http://footballjobs. teamworkonline. com/teamwork/jobs/jobs. cfm/Internships? supcat=321#35320

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Strategic and Organisational Learning The WritePass Journal

Strategic and Organisational Learning Definition of strategy: Strategic and Organisational Learning Definition of strategy:Meaning of strategy:Definition of strategy as practiceStrategy as practiceRecursivenessAdaptationStrategy as practice in useWrong strategies could lead to   disastersProduct, pricing and geographical focusBad strategies and its problemsConclusionReferencesRelated Definition of strategy: â€Å"A  strategy  is a way through a difficulty, an approach to overcoming an obstacle, a response to a challenge.†(Rumelt, 2011) Meaning of strategy: Strategy is basically a plan that is formulated by businesses and mostly top level managers that sets limitations and boundaries which organisations comply with in order to reach a particular goal. Strategy directly or indirectly is a means to achieving an organisations goals more effectively. It includes every organisational and managerial function such as planning, organising, goal setting, organisational structuring and adaptation to the everchanging environments. Therfore strategy is a vital part of every organisation and without a basic strategy or plan of action, every organisation will fail to survive in the ever competitive present business environment. Strategy is a very general term. There are many kinds of strategies that deal with every minor detail of organisational functioning. One of the more refined forms of strategy is a fairly new concept known as strategy as practice. Strategy as practice is a more practical managerial science that describes strategy as something that is practised within the organisation and functions that managers perform. Functions like strategy formulating and also the carrying out of these strategies .The definition below will help us have a better understanding of this subject. Definition of strategy as practice â€Å"Strategy a situated, socially accomplished activitystrategizing comprises those actions interactions and negotiations of multiple actors and the situated practices they draw on in accomplishing that activity† (Jarzabkowski, 2007) Strategy as practice For many years now the dominant academic perspective on strategic management has looked at strategy as something that organisations have. The strategy as practice perspective, on the other hand, looks at strategy as something people do.   It is concerned with the practice of strategising, encompassing both the formulation of strategy and how strategies are put into action to deliver strategic renewal and change. It therefore asks questions such as: what do people do to develop strategies in organisations; how do they translate their strategies into strategic action and change in organisations; what competences are required for this; how do they actually use the concepts and tools that are advocated for strategic management; what is good practice in managing strategy?(www.lums.lanc.ac.uk) As the statement above mentions that strategy as practice is a relatively new branch of strategic management, and is therefore still growing as a management science that people and organisations are slowly looking to for better solutions for strategising. This is because strategy has a direct effect on the performance of the organisation. Strategic concepts change as time passes and the business environment constantly changes, therefore strategy as practice is a new concept that holds new promises for the business world. â€Å"Strategy as practice is a new measure to revitalise strategic theory and bring about change from the conventional strategic thinking to addressing various important questions on the functioning of an organisation and how the functioning differs from organisation to organisation. However strategy as practice is a more cautious approach as there are already a number of approaches to strategic thinking for every minute detail of firm positioning and managerial cognition.It is widely believed that there is more to learn from the day to day practices of the firm than the formulation of theories and principles that govern conventional strategy. Observations made on the functioning of the firm help us relate between different theories.†Ã‚  (Jarzabkowski, 2002) According to Jarzabkowski strategy as practice has 3 core elements. They are Recursiveness, Adaptation and Strategy practice –in use. Recursiveness These theories   are better explained by Jarzabkowski   with the theories of structuration. Where   the external environment which is a macro factor is used as a structure   in which a lot of actors(managers) perform their day to day functions.   And the interaction on a daily basis of actors with their environment on a daily basis   as a practise is described as   recursiveness of practice. Recursiveness is nothing but   the daily   routine   of tasks and functions   performed   by   managers. Recursiveness only occurs for tasks that are repetitive in nature i.e. tasks that have to be done repeatedly in order to gain recursiveness. Recursiveness is present at 3 levels- the actor, the organisation and the social institution. (Jarzabkowski, 2002) Adaptation Adaptation is a measure that has to be taken up by every organisation in order to adapt perfectly with its current environments in order to survive the constant   changes of the environments in which the organisations function.   Adaptation is a very important measure of strategic excellence. It show s to what extent an organisation or its manager are willing to go to keep the organisation afloat   in the ever-changing   macro environment. Adaptation is not only seen at a macro level but even at a micro level of the firm. Adaptive organisational structures, adaptive managerial tasks, adaptive functioning to the changing needs of a firm etc are also considered adaptation. .(Jarzabkowski, 2002) Strategy as practice in use Managers or professionals who are strategic   practitioners   are said to be knowledgeable, purposive and reflexive   in nature. Therefore when they practice they have the ample knowledge to go about their functions, they are full of intent which helps them adhere to the strategic principles of goal seeking.   Strategic actors   who practice strategy are the ones who usually take the recursive and adaptive route to strategy and succeed in doing it the right way. Strategy as practice as they say is the correct way of looking at strategic theory   cause its a more practical hands on approach that could save the organisations from strategizing wrongly. .(Jarzabkowski, 2002) Wrong strategies could lead to   disasters Wrong strategies could lead to disasters. This statement is   very valid one once we ve seen how many firms fail in the present market conditions. They fail because they are not able to keep in tune with the market requirements and adapt constantly. All this may only occur when a firm has its priorities wrong. Every company   has its own strategies   and these strategies are formulated and followed up in order to reach the firm’s long term and short term goals. When the strategy fails to take into consideration one of the vital elements from both the micro and macro factors , the firm may have a troubled future. Strategies should be formulated in such a way that they are flexible to change through time, they should be simplistic and goal oriented and should be for the better functioning of the firm and not to compete with other firms. As Michael porter has said â€Å" Bad strategy often stems from the way managers think about competition. Many companies set out to be th e best in their industry, and then the best in every aspect of business, from marketing to supply chain to product development. The problem with that way of thinking is there is no best company in any industry.† ( Porter, 2006). Porter called this sort of competition â€Å"destructive competition†. It is when companies and managers try to outshine other companies through cut throat competition and instead of trying to increase the performance and better functioning standards of their firm they instead work on putting other companies down. This is because such managers believe that there is only one best company amongst several. But as porter has pointed out that there is no one best company. It depends on people s perspectives, choices, different situations, budgets, and needs. Therefore he says concentrating on strategies that   increase the performance and output and organisational integrity of a firm may actually help instead of opting for the former. ( Porter, 2006). Although for this sort of strategizing. Managers have to look into their own firms and their own human resources and the strengths and weaknesses of the Strategy is a word that gets used in so many ways with so many meanings that it can end up being meaningless. Often corporate executives will confuse strategy with aspiration.† (Porter ,2006). He also says that managers and firms confuse their strategies with the firm’s visions and firm’s missions, which quite frankly is the wrong approach to motivating their workers. When you confuse the company’s visions and strategies you are bound to end up no where. Because Strategising necessarily doesn’t involve motivationg and envisioning. It simply just helps the firm find a pathway to success if anything. Product, pricing and geographical focus It is also said that strategies should help a firm decide on what products and services its going to sell in the market, what pricing its going to adopt, who it is going to compete with and most importantly its geographical area of focus for business is to be determined. All these minor details play a major role in organisational success. The art of doing all this together is what porter says, leads to successful strategizing. Doing several of these key functions simultaneously is very important to larger firms.(Porter,2006) Bad strategies and its problems â€Å"Bad  strategy  abounds†, says UCLA management professor Richard Rumelt.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Senior executives who can spot it stand a much better chance of creating good  strategies.†(Rumelt,2011). Bad strategies are something that are very common. Managers think they have a strategy that will succeed but infact they don’t. They just make functioning a very difficult task for the firms due to listing down of some very demanding strategies that take more from the firm than they give. These strategies create a negative effect on the functioning of the firm. Because the goals seem very demanding and the managers and workforce are too stressed out to carry out the tasks asked of them.These strategies fail to solve the problem that the firms are actually facing. It is not based on realistic problems but based more on forecasted problems which could be wrong. A firm,s strategies should always be such that it helps solve the problems of the present as well as the future. Assuring an overall smooth ride. But not all strategies are like this. The one’s that fail miserably are   coined as a bad strategy. These bad strategies can be a big negative effect on the firm. (Rume lt, 2011) There are   strategies that mistake goals for strategies whereas the strategies themselves are only a means of achieving those very goals. Some strategies also have an absence of thought. They put in very sophisticated fancy words but lack any sense of thought or motive for the strategy basically making those strategies soul less. These are all bad strategies. While this may sound bad enough, there are strategies with no clear objectives or mission. These strategies as mentioned before have their priorites wrong. They are unsuccessful strategies from the very beginning. Conclusion Strategy as practice is a fairly new practice. Hence organisations and managers still don’t trust this method of strategising all that much. Many organisations still use the conventional method of goal-setting strategizing. Which basically is a prescribed way of going about various functions in order to reach its goals. While this may still be in fashion in most parts of the world and most of the organisations. The   ever changing conditions of the market environments are asking for a change in the way organisations do business. For now it may be called the unconventional method of strategizing. But in a few years on, when its success catches on, businesses will see this as an option they may most certainly have to choose. This is because this method is a very flexible one, it keeps in mind both macro and micro influencing factors, It is also adaptive in nature and adapts to every situation that the organisation may be put in. As this strategy is not only set but is practise d at the same time, it is easy for managers to make corrections along the way and not have problems in the strategy being too rigid and unchangeable. Even if the organisations are choosing the conventional methods of strategising, they must always keep in mind the objectives and goals set for the firm which must be achieved through its strategies and also to make sure that they keep the strategies simple and easy to understand and not to confuse it with its goals and visions. When the strategies are void of any of these commonalities is when we can say that we have a near perfect strategy. References Websites 1)  Ã‚   lums.lancs.ac.uk/research/centres/strategy/strategy-as-practice/,(www.lums.lancs.ac.uk) accessed on 18th may 2011 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1594 porter, Michael.† Why do Good Managers set Bad Strategies†. Nov 1st 2006, accessed on 18th May 2011 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://cosmic.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/webcat/hwwa/edok03/f10201g/RP0212.pdf   Jarzabkowski, Paula. â€Å"Strategy as Practice Recursiveness, Adaptation and Strategic Practices-in-use†.   July 2002 http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/detail?vid=3hid=102sid=b40003d9-0cad-412c-b5cb-89cd40fea720%40sessionmgr110bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=buhAN=58572247. Rumelt, Richard, McKinsey Quarterly,†The perils of bad strategy†, 2011 Issue 1. Accessed from business source premier on the 19th May 2011

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Literature Review on Web3D Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Literature Review on Web3D Technology - Essay Example This particular technology is beginning to transform the way that the Internet and various platforms are used and are looking at and are creating a different approach to programming and specific applications (Basanow et al, 65). While Web 3D is providing a specific alternative to technology, there are also questions on how this application will be used with the Internet as well as what the potential will be with the concepts that are being applied. The Web 3D application is not only important to consider in terms of technological components for the Internet, but also becomes essential to understand with responses and the environment that is being created for end – users that are introduced to Web 3D. One of the main Web 3D uses is with Adobe Flash Based programming. Understanding how Web 3D relates to this specific module as well as how it can be improved then provides a stronger understanding of the evolution of the designs used for Web 3D. The scope of this project is to define what Web 3D is and how it is currently being integrated into the Internet. There will also be specific information based on Adobe and how this is creating a specific set of results for those using the Internet. The literature review described will be based on the current trends and specifications of the concept of 3D as well as how this is changing specific concepts in terms of technology. The question that is being raised is one that is based on how this will transfer into the future of the Internet and Web 3D. The different perspectives that have evolved from Web 3D technology have provided insight into the evolution of the technology as well as how it is affecting the Internet. The different concepts that are available are able to show how the specific technology has evolved as well as what the potential options are for the technology to grow and evolve in the future. The importance that is noted in the literature shows that there is the ability for

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Wal-Mart and Multi-Brand Retailing in India Assignment

Wal-Mart and Multi-Brand Retailing in India - Assignment Example Discovering new markets and designing new products have always been like adventures. It involves risks that can even jeopardize a firm’s existence. On the other hand, it involves potential returns that can take the firm to newer heights. After the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, the consumer demand in the developed world has remained tepid for a long time. At this situation the global growth is being mainly driven by the emerging markets. Among the emerging markets, while China has a good investment story, India has a good consumption story. Here in this paper, we will look at the possible strategies and their implications for starting a multi brand retail chain in India from the perspective of retail giant, Wal-Mart’s. It is necessary to mention here that the Indian Parliament has not given green signal to foreign investment in multi-brand retail. Wal-Mart has existence in India via the joint venture Bharti Wal-Mart Private Limited. Bharti Enterprises is one of Indiaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s foremost production houses. In the context of this contract, Bharti and Wal-Mart possess ‘50:50 stakes’ in Bharti Wal-Mart Private Limited. It is setting up wholesale cash-and-carry provisions and back-end supply chain administration systems to be at par with Government of India rules. The ‘first Wholesale Cash-and-carry facility named "Best Price Modern Wholesale" opened in Amritsar in May 2009 and subsequently in Zirakpur, Jalandhar, Kota, Bhopal, Ludhiana, Raipur, Indore, Vijaywada, Meerut, Agra, Lucknow, Jammu, Guntur, Aurangabad, Bathinda and Amravati’ ... Also, the process of reaching agreements with emerging market customers was ‘cumbersome and lengthy’. At the same time, there was not much information about the market potential and associated strategies for the emerging markets (Cavusgil et al. 2002, pp.17-18). Diffusion of skills, processes, and technologies throughout the global markets resulted in a convergence. The difference between budding markets and the industrial economies is narrowing. The forecast potential of these markets is increasing (Khanna & Palepu, 2010, p.13). Now the market potential is no longer too small for marketing efforts. Many emerging economies are investing in transportation, power, and communication infrastructure. Also the modern management techniques and close working relationship with foreign counterparties have helped to bring down the cost of sales. Though there are inter-cultural differences, managers have realized the value of a global ‘win-win’ relationship (Cavusgil et al. 2002, pp.18-19). The opportunities connected with low-income markets are becoming gradually more obvious to both scholars and managers. There is evidently more than meets the eye when considering customers with annual purchasing power parity (PPP) of $1500 or less (Prahalad & Hart, 2002, p.2). A vast majority of people work chiefly in the big, unseen, informal economies. These are not reflected in official gross national product or purchasing power parity statistics. Across the globe, it has been expected that the unofficial sector comprises more than $9 trillion in unregistered assets. The value of economic transactions in these sectors may even surpass that has been recorded for the formal economic sectors (London & Hart, 2004, p.2). The superiority and extent of the obtainable product and

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Internation Finance Essay Example for Free

Internation Finance Essay What was Nick Leeson’s strategy to earn trading profits on derivatives? Leeson was trading derivatives contracts on the two exchanges that were, in some cases, of different types and, in some cases, in mismatched amounts. He was hoping making profits by selling put and call options on the same underlying financial instrument, the Nikkei 225 Index. 2) What went wrong that caused his strategy to fail? He thought as the Nikkei was already low that it could not plummeted lower but due to among other reason, an earthquake and the volatility of the market it went even lower, at that time nick was already â€Å"all in â€Å" and could not correct his position. Also at a certain point he had contracted a lot of futures without enough options to hedge his position which put him or in this case the bank money at high risks. 3) Why did Nick Leeson establish a bogus error account (88888) when a legitimate account already existed? He created this account to be able to perform is unauthorized trading and hide his lost from Barings as this account was not shown on the statements transmitted to London. 4) Why did Barings and its auditors not discover that the error account was used by Leeson for unauthorised trading? The error account had been presenting by Leeson as a customer account, that’s why his activities were unknown for quite a long time. 5) Why did none of the regulatory authorities in Singapore, Japan, and the United kingdom discover the true use of the error account? Fist of all because Nick Leeson was in charge of the back office, letting him he possible to hide easily what he wanted. Also as we said above this account was represented as a customer account and differently to each group. 6) Why was Barings Bank willing to transfer large cash sums to Barings Futures Singapore? As Leeson lost money, he had to pay those losses to SIMEX in the form of margin. By falsifying accounts and making various misrepresentations, he was able to secure funding from various companies within the Barings organization and from client accounts. For example, he claimed that he needed funds to make margin payments on behalf of BSS clients. Therefore Barings believed that they were not exposed to any looses as Leeson claimed that he was executing purchase orders on behalf of clients 7) Why did the attempt by the bank of England to organize a bailout for Barings fail? No one wanted to assume to take the additional risk concerning the additional looses that were not yet determined. 8) Suggest regulatory and management reforms that might prevent a future debacle of the type that bankrupted Barings. -Separate trading, accounting and settlement activities. -More employees supervision -Clear reporting line -Consolidation of the activities of every branch.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Essay --

Ross Ebster Scott Yates English 1B 16 November 2013 Waking Up From the Nightmare: From Marx to Miller Arthur Miller’s Death Of A Salesman is a modern day tragedy that roots itself with those who try to obtain the American Dream but are unsuccessful in their pursuit. Miller’s play revolves around the continual chase of this ideology and poses the question of whether attempting to â€Å"keep up with the Joneses† can be more of a nightmare than dream. Karl Marx’s ideology introduces the socioeconomic conflict between the capitalists and the working class. Marx referred to these opposing forces as the â€Å"haves and have-nots†. Looking at Death Of A Salesman through Karl Marx’s viewpoint can help shed light to Miller’s commentary and possible rejection of American capitalism during the late 1940’s. The protagonist, Willy Loman shows an insatiable struggle to fit into the right part of society and his desperation to have himself and his sons as one of the â€Å"haves†. The view Miller gives of the American Dream shows the soc ial and economic perspective of post-war America and how those views relate to social class. To fully understand this idea in context, one must define the idea of the American Dream. The basis of the American Dream at that time was that financial success through capitalism was the sole foundation for happiness. Marx’s view also helps to point out the overt theme of materialism in the play. â€Å"Marx professed materialism but generally tried to distinguish his views from the mechanical materialism which regarded man as a machine, or which reduced all human behavior to the laws of physics and chemistry† (Mayo 34). To Marx, materialism was a neutral notion; neither moral nor immoral. It was comprised of a simple acceptance of the â€Å"evid... ...changed young Biff’s life. â€Å"That boy — that boy is going to be magnificent! (Ben appears in the light just outside the kitchen.) . . .Yes, outstanding, with twenty thousand behind him.† (cite) Part of what makes this play so tragic is that if Willy had chosen acceptance and individuality instead of materialism he would have seen he had already achieved the American Dream by having the love of his family. Much of this play parallels the author’s own life, â€Å"He grew up white and Jewish in Harlem. Mr. Miller's comfortable childhood in the era of radio was transformed by his father's ruin in the Depression and the family's forced move from their Upper West Side apartment at the edge of Harlem to Brooklyn† (Shattuck 43). Death Of A Salesman heeds a well-deserved warning about the dangers of materialism and the risk of using capitalism as the sole backbone of prosperity.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Clown with Long Nose by Walt Kuhn

â€Å"When art is made new, we are made new with it. We have a sense of solidarity with our own time, and of psychic energies shared and redoubled, which is just about the most satisfying thing that life has to offer. â€Å"If that is possible,† we say to ourselves, â€Å"then everything is possible†; a new phase in the history of human awareness has been opened, just as it was opened up when people first read Dante, or first heard Bach’s 48 preludes and fugues, or first learned Hamlet and King Lear. † (Russell 13) This new art spoken of, the coined â€Å"secret revolution† that was a part of the new phase opened up, was modern art. This revolutionary form began shortly before 1914 (Russell 126) and is still present today. It was during this time period that artist Walt Kuhn gained great popularity and his work Clown With Long Nose was painted. It is important, before looking at the painting, to first understand the purpose and direction modern art usually has. â€Å"The entire gamut of modern art can be viewed from the vantage point of the artist’s attitude towards the object, an examination which should throw some light on the larger problem of how the modern artist chooses to interweave art and reality and, ultimately, of what constitutes reality for him (Johnson 11). A major part of interpreting modern art lies within determining that reality. Viewers search for their own meaning in the painting since the simplicity of most modern works leaves much room for imagination. When the modernism phase of artwork began it was not exactly obvious to the public, but over time there â€Å"came about a general awareness that there was such thing as a modern sensibility, and that that sensibility had the key to modern life (Russell 126)†. It was thought that if one was modern they had to easily be able to notice changes of life and be accommodating of â€Å"the unconscious and the irrational† side of humans (Russell 126). These aspects will later influence the works of Walt Kuhn in his various oil paintings of the time. Born in Brooklyn, New York, a cultural mecca for all things up and coming, in the year 1877, Walt Kuhn began making a living out his craft at a young age (â€Å"American Modernist†). He sold his first painting when he was only 15 to a small magazine, and quickly chose the career path of an artist. Though he â€Å"did not emerge as a mature painter until he was fifty years old (Wall plaque)†, Kuhn ‘s cartoonist and set designer background helped him turn his â€Å"multi-faceted interests† into a lifestyle. â€Å"After he began cartooning professionally inn1899, Kuhn decided to acquire art training and traveled to Paris to study at the Academie Colarossi (Wall plaque). † He was a big fan of modernism, and so, despite his traditional tendencies, the form randomly showed itself in his own work. He found is theme in the mid- twenties when he began to paint large canvases featuring single figures, usually circus performers or clowns. (Wall plaque). † The figures may have represented a counterculture of the flamboyant, flapper time period of the twenties, or possibly, they could depict some part of Kuhn that maybe felt like an outcast or somewhat of an oddity in society. It is not really known but generally his pictures were â€Å"depicted with solem n demeanor (Wall plaque)† and not all that pleasant to look at. Contradictory to Kuhn’s norm however, â€Å"Clown With Long Nose has an unusually animated expression, addressing the viewer with a look of clever self-satisfaction ad mischievous delight (Wall plaque)†. This work is a very good representation of the artist in that it stays true to his circus character subject, and like cartoons, the painting plays on the hope that people’s sense of humor will appreciate it as a new way to think about and look at art. The reason it can be considered a modern work of art is the ability it gives its viewers to interpret. Unlike the preceding realist period, this work leaves the viewer room to wonder. Questions like â€Å"What is the clown smirking at? † and â€Å"What is he staring out? † can all be pondered while looking at the painting. It aesthetically pleasing enough and has just enough quirks to it to make this painting one to remember and a good example of what some twentieth century art looks like. Through his education and appreciation for the art of which he lived in, Walt Kuhn was able to create not a masterpiece, but a story with his Clown With Long Nose painting. It may not be the most serious or useful peace of artwork from the time period, and it more than likely does not have some deep message or meaning hidden behind its brush strokes; however, the 1936 painting is fun to look at. A viewer is able to look at it for what it is and determine his or her own personal value for the work. It is a good addition to the modernism period and to the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Background Statement

My life has always been about making choices and striving to make a difference. I was born in Asia, and late moved to the United States to continue my studies. I could definitely say that my perception about life, including my goals and dreams in life have been formed due to the experiences I had in my life. I grew up taking care of my father, who was obese. As a young child, preparing my father’s food was not much of a big deal; however, this came in as a challenge as I grew older. For this, I decided to hone myself to become a registered dietician. As a student, I have always been hardworking and persevering.My grades were impressive enough for other people to look up to me. I would have grades that would range from A’s to B’s, but nothing lower than that. My parents would always tell me how proud they are to see my dedication to become successful in life. I would always remind others that having a good education would be advantageous for me in the real world. Regardless of this, I would not forget how to care for the welfare of those I love most. Although my main concern has been about the safety of my family and friends, I also want to make sure that I could be of service to those who were in need.As mentioned earlier, I have been exposed to the realities of life at a young age. I was honed further through the endeavors that I had in my life. These included my involvement in the Dietetics department of the Family Nutrition Program of the Ohio State University. I was responsible for data entry and in the preparation of the materials to be used in the program. I was further trained through my experience as a production supervisor for on-campus dining. The task was tedious, for I had to make sure that everything was in place. However, I am still grateful for I was able to learn how to become a well rounded individual.Furthermore, I also believe that I possess the leadership capabilities deemed from your perspective students. I used to work as an orientation leader for the Ohio State University, where I learned how to deal with different kinds of people. As the orientation leader, I was expected to give students an overview of the school they were about to study in, and patiently answer all of their queries. This kind of role may become irrelevant for some, but I believe otherwise. In every aspect of life, patience and dedication for the craft have always been considered essential in one’s success.Moreover, seeing the people become contented with my service also became my driving force in life. I know that my family would always find something good and appreciative in my craft. However, the kind of happiness that I give others cannot be repaid by monetary terms. Through our exchange of thoughts and words, I am able to share with others another side of me that not everyone could see. In this regard, I feel an extraordinary kind of fulfillment wherein I am able to share my talents and become a helping hand in the ir world.I know that I may sound young to have such a wide perception about life. But this is the way things go. My parents have brought me up to always take the feelings and welfare of others into consideration. In our own way, we should not only think of ourselves, especially during hard and trying times. As my father became obese, I have set my mind in giving back the care and compassion that he has shown me all these years. In this regard, I would also expand that extraordinary care by being of service to others.My dreams and aspirations in life do not end after college. I plan to work in the different areas that concern dietetics and hone my knowledge further. The experiences would help me to become an effective Registered Dietician in the future, and eventually widen this knowledge further by spreading my wings in the United States. Having lifetime goals and aspirations in life should never be considered negatively by people. These are the little dreams that keep people, like me, going – working hard in order to achieve a better future for myself and the people around me.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Essays on Helping The Impoverished

If I were to win the Lottery, I believe that I have a moral obligation to share some of my winnings with the Darfurians or others less fortunate than myself. I was raised with the moral values that it is the right thing to do. It is the right thing to do because impoverished people, such as the Darfurians, need it more than I do and it would make them happier than if I spent the money on materialistic objects. I would also be thankful to have the opportunity to make a difference in someone else’s life and hopefully my actions would influence others to do the same. Some people do not have the same opportunities or support to achieve not only their goals, but to fulfill their basic needs for living, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. To donate money to these people so that they can provide necessities to their families would increase their happiness more than myself spending the money frivolously on meaningless items such as clothing, cars, and jewelry. By doing this, I would be maximizing the goodness that can come from a situation, therefore making it the right decision. I agree with my group member Richard Periera’s suggestion that since the Darfurians are being deprived of the rights to life, food, and water. Since I have money in abundance to help satisfy their needs, I am obligated to help them. I feel as if I treat others the way I would want to be treated. If I were in a difficult financial situation, I would help someone in the hopes that that would repay me and help me if I, or anyone else for that matter, was ever in the same need or situation. If I gave money to impoverished people, then hopefully they would be able to get out of the situation they are in and go on to improve themselves. They would not only have essentials for living, but also be able to obtain an education and job opportunities so that they can too make enough money to donate to people that were in an unfortunate situation. This would c... Free Essays on Helping The Impoverished Free Essays on Helping The Impoverished If I were to win the Lottery, I believe that I have a moral obligation to share some of my winnings with the Darfurians or others less fortunate than myself. I was raised with the moral values that it is the right thing to do. It is the right thing to do because impoverished people, such as the Darfurians, need it more than I do and it would make them happier than if I spent the money on materialistic objects. I would also be thankful to have the opportunity to make a difference in someone else’s life and hopefully my actions would influence others to do the same. Some people do not have the same opportunities or support to achieve not only their goals, but to fulfill their basic needs for living, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. To donate money to these people so that they can provide necessities to their families would increase their happiness more than myself spending the money frivolously on meaningless items such as clothing, cars, and jewelry. By doing this, I would be maximizing the goodness that can come from a situation, therefore making it the right decision. I agree with my group member Richard Periera’s suggestion that since the Darfurians are being deprived of the rights to life, food, and water. Since I have money in abundance to help satisfy their needs, I am obligated to help them. I feel as if I treat others the way I would want to be treated. If I were in a difficult financial situation, I would help someone in the hopes that that would repay me and help me if I, or anyone else for that matter, was ever in the same need or situation. If I gave money to impoverished people, then hopefully they would be able to get out of the situation they are in and go on to improve themselves. They would not only have essentials for living, but also be able to obtain an education and job opportunities so that they can too make enough money to donate to people that were in an unfortunate situation. This would c...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Certificacin laboral PERM para green card por trabajo

Certificacin laboral PERM para green card por trabajo La certificacià ³n laboral PERM  es uno de los primeros requerimientos que deben cumplir las empresas que quieren patrocinar una tarjeta de residencia (green card) a trabajadores extranjeros. El  PERM, que son las siglas que se utilizan en inglà ©s para referirse a este requisito, es un paso previo y necesario a la solicitud de la green card al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En otras palabras, sin la aprobacià ³n del PERM por parte del Departamento de Trabajo (DoL, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) no es posible iniciar los trmites migratorios. En este artà ­culo se explica los pasos para obtener el PERM, para quà © categorà ­as de peticià ³n de la green card por trabajo es necesario, tiempo de demora de su tramitacià ³n, quà © sucede con la familia del trabajador para el que se solicita el PERM y otras opciones para trabajar en Estados Unidos Pasos para obtener la green card por trabajo y cunto tiene lugar el PERM El PERM  es el segundo paso en la tramitacià ³n de una green card por trabajo. El primero paso es que una empresa està © dispuesta a patrocinar a un trabajador extranjero especà ­fico. Estas son las 100 empresas que patrocinan un mayor nà ºmero de tarjetas de residencia. Esta es una informacià ³n importante porque brinda una idea clara de quà © tipo de empresas suelen patrocinar y para quà © tipo de trabajo. Sin embargo, esto no quiere decir que las empresas pequeà ±as no patrocinen o no puedan hacerlo. Todo lo contrario. Pero lo cierto es que las grandes, particularmente en algunos sectores como el tecnolà ³gico, estn ms acostumbradas a hacerlo y estn ms familiarizadas con el proceso. El segundo paso en la tramitacià ³n de la green card por patrocinio de empresa es presentar el PERM ante el Departamento de Trabajo (DoL, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Una vez que se obtiene la aprobacià ³n del PERM tiene lugar el tercer paso, que es presentar la peticià ³n ante el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Y finalmente, el à ºltimo paso se desarrolla con el Departamento de Estado si el trabajador est fuera de Estados Unidos, ya que la visa de inmigrante se obtiene en una embajada o consulado de los Estados   Unidos. Hay que destacar que los migrantes en Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de ilegalidad deben consultar con un abogado antes de iniciar cualquier tipo de trmite, porque en la mayorà ­a de los casos el tener una empresa dispuesta a patrocinar no va a servir de nada como camino hacia la regularizacià ³n. Todo lo contrario, sirve para alertar a las autoridades migratorias. Peticiones de green card cuando es necesario el PERM: EB-2 y EB-3 Para casi todos los casos en los que se patrocina una green card a travà ©s de estas categorà ­as es necesario obtener un PERM (ver ms abajo las excepciones). En primer lugar, la categorà ­a conocida como EB-2 o segunda preferencia. Pueden beneficiarse los profesionales con una maestrà ­a o estudios superiores o tambià ©n las personas con habilidades excepcionales en los Negocios, las Artes y las Ciencias. Hay 40,000 visas de inmigrante  asignadas  por aà ±o fiscal para esta categorà ­a. En segundo lugar, la categorà ­a EB-3 o Tercera preferencia y Otros trabajadores que aplica a: Profesionales con licenciatura o egresados universitarios, es decir, el equivalente a el B.A. o el B.S. de Estados Unidos. Personas sin estudios universitarios pero con una habilidad profesional especial y experiencia laboral mà ­nima de dos aà ±os. Personas sin habilidades especiales pero cuyo trabajo requiere una experiencia laboral de al menos dos aà ±os. Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que la certificacià ³n laboral PERM no se requiere para los extranjeros que alegan que la tarjeta deberà ­a otorgrsele por razones de:   Interà ©s Nacional, es lo que se conoce como NIW, por sus siglas en inglà ©s dentro de la categorà ­a EB-2Habilidad extraordinaria en la categorà ­a EB-1, inversià ³n EB-5, o trabajadores especiales incluidos en la categorà ­a EB-4, tales como trabajadores religiosos, extranjeros que han prestado ms de 12 aà ±os de servicio en el Ejà ©rcito de Estados Unidos, traductores iraquà ­es y afganos que han trabajado para Estados Unidos, etc. En quà © consiste el PERM   La empresa estadounidense que desea patrocinar la green card a un trabajador extranjero debe obtener primero el PERM siguiendo 3 pasos. En primer lugar, el empleador americano debe publicitar la oferta de trabajo para asegurarse de que ningà ºn ciudadano americano, residente permanente, refugiado, asilado o persona con un permiso de trabajo est dispuesto y quiere desempeà ±ar ese empleo. Se trata de asegurar de que si hay ya en los Estados Unidos personas cualificadas que pueden trabajar, à ©stas opten al trabajo. Para ello, la empresa debe realizar labores para intentar encontrar un trabajador por un mà ­nimo de 30 dà ­as y un mximo de 180. Las condiciones son tambià ©n diferentes segà ºn se trate de una ocupacià ³n profesional o no. En segundo lugar, debe comunicarse con la NPWC –una oficina federal- para saber cul es el salario que se paga por el puesto de trabajo que se ofrece. Y es que ningà ºn extranjero puede cobrar menos y recibir beneficios laborales inferiores a los que cobran las personas nacionales en ese mismo puesto de trabajo, para evitar que las personas de otros paà ­ses presionen hacia abajo los salarios. Y en tercer lugar, el empleador debe rellenar electrà ³nicamente la planilla ETA Form 9089  en la pgina web del Departamento de Trabajo (DoL). Para ello debe crearse previamente una cuenta de usuario.  ¿Quà © examina el DoL para decidir si aprueba un PERM? El DoL bsicamente verifica  tres cosas: que la empresa està © respetando todas las regulaciones   que no hay  en Estados Unidos una persona que pueda trabajar, que està © capacitada para el trabajo que se ofrece y que està © dispuesta a hacerlo.que el empleo de una persona extrajera no afecta negativamente ni al salario ni a las condiciones laborales de trabajadores estadounidenses que se desempeà ±an en posiciones similares. El caso de empresas que quieren patrocinar a familiares El DoL pone especial atencià ³n a los casos en los que existe una relacià ³n familiar entre quien contrata y el patrocinado. En concreto la pregunta C.9 pide especà ­ficamente seà ±alar si el dueà ±o de la empresa o algà ºn socio, oficial o accionista es familiar el patrocinado. Y en este contexto el tà ©rmino de familia debe entenderse en sentido amplio e incluye a: cà ³nyuges, hijos, padres, abuelos, nietos, tà ­os y primos en cualquier grado. El và ­nculo puede ser por sangre, adopcià ³n o matrimonio. Si se puede probar que la necesidad de ese trabajador es de buena fe, el DoL aprobar el PERM, pero si el oficial a cargo del caso cree que se trata simplemente de querer contratar a un familiar pero hay ya en Estados Unidos un trabajador que puede ocupar ese trabajo, negar la peticià ³n. Tener en cuenta que contestar a esa pregunta otra cosa que no sea la verdad constituye un fraude de ley y que en el momento en que se descubre puede dar lugar bien a la negacià ³n del PERM o, si ya ha sido aprobado, a su revocacià ³n.   Tiempo de demora para la certificacià ³n laboral por el DoL Generalmente, el DoL aspira a dar una respuesta en el plazo mximo de 60 dà ­as. Sin embargo, en la actualidad se est demorando ms llegando a casi 90 dà ­as. Adems, si por cualquier razà ³n le ha tocado a la peticià ³n ser auditada, se requerir informacià ³n adicional al empleador y el trmite se demorar ms tiempo. Si la certificacià ³n de laboral PERM es aprobada, entonces el empleador debe dirigirse en un plazo mximo de 180 dà ­as al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Tras rellenar la planilla I-140 se iniciar el proceso migratorio. Si el trabajador est legalmente en EEUU, por ejemplo, con una visa H1-B vlida y no hay que esperar para que la haya visas de inmigrante (tarjetas de residencia) disponibles para la categorà ­a para la que se pide al trabajador, entonces se puede solicitar al mismo tiempo un ajuste de estatus mediante la planilla I-485. Si no hay visa de inmigrante disponible, no se puede solicitar todavà ­a el ajuste y hay que esperar legalmente a tener una para poder hacerlo. Lo mismo sucede cuando el trabajador est en el extranjero, si hay visa de inmigrante disponible  se iniciar el proceso consular para concederle la visa para viajar a EEUU. La tarjeta de residencia se activar una vez que entra al paà ­s mediante un sello en el pasaporte. Pero si no hay visa disponible, tendr que esperar.  ¿Quà © es esto de si hay visa de inmigrante disponible? Puede suceder que en el caso de trmites tarjetas de residencia por empleo dentro de la categorà ­a EB-3   el nà ºmero de solicitudes sea superior al nà ºmero de visas de inmigrante que hay disponibles para esa categorà ­a. En estos casos se puede producir una demora entre la aprobacià ³n del USCIS y la fecha en la que se inician los à ºltimos trmites. Adems, esta espera puede afectar ms a los nacionales de determinados paà ­ses, ya que se establece un là ­mite por aà ±o fiscal no sà ³lo en el nà ºmero total de visas de inmigrante que se pueden dar en una determinada categorà ­a, sino tambià ©n en el porcentaje mximo que puede ir a los nacionales de un paà ­s. Para verificar cunto se puede demorar, checar la fecha de prioridad de la aplicacià ³n con la que publica cada mes el Departamento de Estado (DoS) en su Boletà ­n de Visas, dentro de la categorà ­a correspondiente. Tener en cuenta que la fecha de prioridad cuando ha sido necesario el PERM es la de presentacià ³n de papeles en el DoL mientras que si no ha sido necesaria es la fecha de presentacià ³n del formulario I-140 ante el USCIS. Familiares de trabajadores patrocinados para green card por razà ³n de trabajo El cà ³nyuge y los hijos solteros de 21 aà ±os de un trabajador para el que se patrocina una green card por estas categorà ­as tambià ©n pueden obtener sus propias residencias permanentes. A efectos migratorios, el tà ©rmino cà ³nyuge incluye tanto a los matrimonios entre un varà ³n y una mujer como a los celebrados vlidamente entre 2 personas del mismo sexo.  ¿Dà ³nde obtener ayuda para completar el PERM? Si se tiene algà ºn problema de carcter tà ©cnico como, por ejemplo, haber olvidado el PIN de usuario, se puede enviar un correo electrà ³nico a: pic.helpdol.gov Si se tiene alguna duda o inquietud sobre algà ºn aspecto del PERM, como por ejemplo, dà ³nde se debe publicitar el reclutamiento y cà ³mo, contactar por correo electrà ³nico con el Departamento de trabajo en la siguiente direccià ³n: PLC.Atlantadol.gov En todo caso, el PERM es un asunto que requiere conocimientos migratorios y   tà ©cnicos por lo que es aconsejable asesorarse con un abogado. Cuando se obtiene el PERM pero la peticià ³n de green card no es aprobada Es posible que a pesar de tener una empresa dispuesta a patrocinar y de obtener el OK del Departamento de Trabajo al PERM al final de toda la tramitacià ³n se niegue la solicitud de la tarjeta de residencia. Las razones pueden ser muy variadas pero se resumen en una sola palabra: inelegible. Y es que para obtener la green card tanto a travà ©s del procedimiento consular o por medio de un ajuste de estatus es necesario ser elegible. Si por una causa se es inelegible, la residencia no es aprobada. Dependiendo de la causa en algunos casos ser posible obtenerla ms tarde, dejando pasar un tiempo. En otros la opcià ³n puede ser solicitar un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso. Y, en otras situaciones no se puede hacer nada con las leyes actuales en mano y no se obtendr la green card. Otras opciones migratorias para trabajar Para trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos se necesita un documento que explà ­citamente lo permita, como por ejemplo una visa de trabajo, una de intercambio admitiendo la visa J-1 muchas variedades  o un permiso de trabajo. En todo caso, aceptar un trabajo sin tener documentos migratorios que lo permitan es una violacià ³n migratoria. No confundir PERM con LCA La certificacià ³n laboral aplica cuando se quiere patrocinar a un trabajador extranjero en las categorà ­as  EB-2 y EB-3, es decir, esto es un proceso distinto al de Aplicacià ³n de Condicià ³n Laboral (LCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que es un paso previo que se necesita realizar ante el Departamento de Trabajo pero para las  visa de trabajo temporal  H-1B. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. no es asesorà ­a legal.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Public health population process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public health population process - Case Study Example F. In relation to spread and survivability the graph is showing that the incidence or the new cases have fallen since 1991. There was a minor increase in 1997 but the incidence has remained constant since then. It shows that the spread of AIDS is less than it was in the early years between 1980 and 1990. It also indicates that the survival rates have improved significantly since with more persons with HIV/AIDS living longer. Most of the persons who caught the disease between 1980 and 1990 did not survive and so the rate of growth did not have any substantial increase during that period up to 1996. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). HIV surveillance report: Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2009 Volume 21. Retrieved from http://www.avert.org/usa-states-cities.htm US Census Bureau. (n.d.). 2005-2005 American Community Survey. Retrieved from:

Friday, November 1, 2019

Diabetes and ways to prevent diabetes Research Paper

Diabetes and ways to prevent diabetes - Research Paper Example It will expound on these areas to bring out the real situation of diabetes in the world. More than 20 million people in the United States suffer from the diabetes disease, accounting for over eight percent of the whole population. Research has shown that there are three types of diabetes, where all of them have their own causes and occurrence. This disease affects all people regardless of their ethnicity, race, age and gender. With the high prevalence of diabetes in the modern society, it is important to gain knowledge about its causes to help in its prevention and control (1). The main causes of diabetes are either absolute lack of production of the insulin in the body or inability to process the insulin produced. The body requires energy to function well. It receives this energy in the form of starches and sugars, found in the foods consumed. The body produces the insulin, the hormone that changes food into energy (Cook, 2). There are two major types of diabetes. The first type of diabetes, type 1, occurs due to deficiency of the insulin after the destruction of the pancreatic b-cell islets. The type 2 diabetes happens due to insulin resistance or irregular insulin emission (Zimmet & Shaw, 782). Type two of diabetes accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases. In addition, type 2 diabetes accounts for the recent epidemic outbreak of diabetes (Cheng, 2). In addition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there is exists the Gestational diabetes, which commonly occur during pregnancy. There are high chances of women who experiences gestational to develop diabetes type 2 after the pregnancy. The treatment of diabetes will depend on the severity of the disease (Case, 4). There are other unclassified types of diabetes caused by particular genetic imperfections of beta-cell function, insulin action, drugs or chemicals or diseases of the pancreas. These unclassified types of